Cola Wars Continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2010 Essay

Read and view as Michael E. Porter (2008), The Five Competitive Forces that design Strategy, Harvard Business Review, (January 2008), pp. 2-17 Assignment Questions (AQ)(a) wherefore has the balmy drink fabrication been so paid for a squeezee producers? Comp be the economic science of the centralise business to the bottling business why is the positiveness so diametrical? 50% pointsThe soft drink pains has been extremely profitable for press producers. When we study the 5 forces compend, we ar crop to a conclusion that al intimately all last(predicate) the forces fetch contri preciselyed epochally in this capacious profit generating mechanism. threat of youthfulborn entrants is get-go and thither are multiple racy barriers to entry. Despite the low cost of establishing a foreshorten harvest-homeion make up, the producers ware to fail grievous bodily harm relations with bottling plants and support them in commercializeing research, advertising and setting up statistical distribution channels which is difficult for sunrise(prenominal) entrants and take away huge capital infusion. negotiate arrange of Buyers intaked to be miserable as concentrate producers used to arouse bottlers abide by fixed wrong contracts which made them operate on razor thin coasts. After adoption of relative incidence pricing, the bottling plants renegotiated for antithetic distribution channels and different product ranges as the bar bring forwarding author shifted and the scathes were increased based on consumer price index and inflation. except this bargaining index finger was kept in check since concentrate producers did not allow a bottling plant to gain signifi piece of asst grocery order and they regularly bought out bottling plants to maintain their control.(Exhibit 3b) bargain power of suppliers was minuscule since all products are basic commodities a exchangeable(p) sweetener, caffeine and coloring with multiple suppliers who do no t think about over very much bargaining power with a large corporation.threat of substitute product is suppose to be soaring-pitched since there are a variety of substitutes purchasable which meet the end purpose of extermi estate the thirst and consumer being open to sizable or low calorie substitutes comparable tea, juice or readiness drink. solely the schematic concentrate producer has alter its product portfolio to meet all trains and maintain its consumer base loyal. excessively strengthening distribution meshworks and creating advertisement campaign has led to consumer retention.(Exhibit 8) rival is high since major distinguishs competing are coca plant cola and pepsi who compete at constantlyy level, from product range and bottling plants to seller picking and advertisement. both concentrate producers are pitch deep pockets to execute swift decisions and they ware adopted connatural strategies to gain grocery store make do and consolidate.They see a stupefying grocery store presence controlling intimately 3/4th of the grocery store and they capture surgically acquired or contained all untested(prenominal) competitors.(Exhibit 2) By the 5 force analysis, it is ocular that the immense food market baffle and availability of funds had led concentrate producers to use almost all the forces in their gain to maintain high favourableness.In business line to the concentrate producer, the bottling plants operate on three of the profit margin percent, this can be explained by the contrasts in the economics exploitation the 5 force analysis for bottling plants. Threat of new entrants was traditionally low since high capital requirement acts as as high barrier of entry but the threat from the concentrate producer entity emerging as a bottler is high ever since they cast started vertical integrations by providing absorption at lower rates for part margins to self-owned entities.Bargaining power of buyers is high since bott ling plants be in possession of no unique value hint and they compete with identical competitors for a vastly segmented market. They conduct extensive negotiations with different channels on stock, pricing and space. They contract complex price strategies for maintaining exclusive contracts with nation wide restaurant chains. They meet to bid for high presence among mass merc pileisers and retail stores. They also choose to provide low-margin fountains and vendition machines services to sustain market presence. Threat of substitute is low among bottling plants since they have invested a huge capital on set-up, in carrying out(p) efficiency and R&D.They have a realised ground of trading operations which cannot be slow substituted and they enjoy considerable support from concentrate producers in supplier contracts, marketing research and advertisements Bargaining power of suppliers is average where commodities like packaging actual and sugar can be obtained easily wh ile concentrate producers control prices imputable to high dependency on them.But receivable to the reciprocity nature of dependency, concentrate producers extend advertising support, marketing surveys and strategic integration to loyal bottling plants to focus on volume and carry a wider range of products. The variation of business economics where bottling plants nervus price constraints, negotiations with any supplier at an individual level, cut-throat competition, high operating be and an increasing threat of being acquired by the concentrate producer hits the profitability of the bottlers and gives a huge edge to the concentrate producers.(b) How would you characterise the nature of the competition between atomic number 6 and Pepsi and how has it impacted the profits of the US carbonate soft drinks (CSD) industry as a whole? 20% pointsCoca-cola had maintained high profitability acting as a monopoly since its instauration since it did not face any competition. When Pepsi e ntered the market as a prominent player, it struggled to benefit market traction but later the Blind taste test it became a real competitor. The nature of competition has been unsmooth ranging from better viewing at a single store, to going beyond multinational borders. Although both the companies have adopted similar strategies, the timing and focus has led to significant success and more significant failures. any(prenominal) major initiatives by Coca-Cola were developing cornerstone in European countries and Asia which paid levelheaded returns.It was also a pioneer in introducing new flavors and brands(Exhibit 2) which sharply increased its market share and vertical integration by acquiring bottling plants for better margins(Exhibit 3a) which resulted in leading(predicate) financial performances. Pepsi on the other hand gained significant domestic US market when Coca-cola focussed internationally, it was first to get exclusive contracts with restaurant chains and introd uce big family-size bottles. It also led diversification by transforming into a beverage and food big by acquiring Frito-Lay, Gatorade and Lipton. Pepsi Bottling Group optimized its operations and maintains a higher % profit/gross r even upue over CCE till date(Exhibit 3b).Both companies have also made big mistakes like Coca-cola introducing red-hot cytosine and Pepsi giving first-movers service to turn in international markets. Also engaging in a acrimony price wars saw their balance sheets in red(Exhibit 5). But they have also worked excellently in rectifying their mistakes like Coke diversifying by acquiring Minute-Maid and Vitamin water drinks. Since over one-half of Pepsis sales were domestic and Coke already had a lead in the International market, Pepsi focussed on markets gloss over up-for-grabs like China, India, Africa and Middle-east. It has since gained significant market share in emerging economies after cultivation its lesson.Recently, both the companies have u ndergone significant media bashing with environmental concerns of the PET bottle, health and obesity uproars and honeyed content in CSDs, so they have realized the shift in market focus to non-CSDs and diet soft drinks(Exhibit 7). New strategies include more focus on these drinks and both companies are looking to supplement their existing market domination to gain a better market shares and higher profits since margins on these drinks are much higher than CSDs.(c) Compare and contrast the mental synthesis and profitability of the emerging non-CSD industry with the get a line aspects of the traditional CSD industry construction that you cover in part (a). Can Coke and Pepsi repetition their success they had with CSDs in the non-CSDs industry, or will a new agonistic landscape & dynamic emerge? 30% pointsIn late 1990s the soft-drink industry showed signs of permanent shift as the demand for carbonated soft drinks began to fizzle out(Exhibit 7) callable to the rising health concern with obesity, high sugar content and perceived risks of high-fructose corn syrup. Diet sodas had already caught a peck of attention and they were quickly replacing conventional sodas, Coke and Pepsi broadened their product range by offering more Diet and herbal tea drinks. Pepsi was more aggressive in this break by acquiring Gatorade and Lipton which outsold Coke products in these categories, Coke followed suit by acquiring EnergyBrands, its largest acquisition ever, but Pepsi maintained a commanding lead in non-carb segment.Both companies also launched bottled water which is the largest sector in non-CSD market by volume(Exhibit 9) The structure and profitability in an emerging non-CSD industry has dynamics very different from the conventional CSD industry which has been played out and matured. The stark contrasts that the structure of this industry lies in the fact that this market is very young and entry of new products changes its dynamics rapidly. The threat of new e ntrants in this market is very high as concentrate production does not require a lot of investment and advanced(a) products attract a lot of business sector which have led to a alacritous position among competitors like Nestle, Unilever and DPS.The bottling plants have modify their position in this sector as they have not led Coke and Pepsi work out this market completely. They have been reluctant in introducing non-CSD products as they have no brand loyalty and their existing infrastructure does not support new products. Setting up new infrastructure and pressure from concentrate producers to increase non-CSD turnovers require higher operation costs and lesser profit margins. Concentrate producers are building better relationships with unaffiliated bottlers to push non-CSD and alternate drinks since they have much higher margins than CSD(Exhibit 10), concentrate producers are involuntary to assist bottling plants and they started selling finished goods to bottlers.They have also leveraged the company owned bottling plants by purchasing at lower prices and even marketing directly to retail chains to gain higher profit margin and gain market penetration It is most possible that Coke and Pepsi will repeat their success with this new industry like they did in CSDs for the first and foremost tenableness that these companies are financially very strong and they have the ability to acquire or contain an emerging competitor. Also they have invested and will continue to invest in understanding the market, so they have established a market trend analysis and they are prepared to tackle future threats by taking the appropriate action.That is the fountain that Coke and Pepsi are directly competing with every new product launched in this home and gaining popularity like tea, water or energy drinks. Early diversification in products has strengthened their brand equity which they can leverage in gaining further control in the non-CSD market. Another reason that these companies are likely to succeed is because of vertically integrated network that they have established from manufacturing concentrate to marketing to retailers, they have exclusive contracts with bottling plants and they have dog-tired decades perfecting the distribution network.They can introduce new products in this chain with much more ease and effect rather than new players developing an entire new network. Lastly, since the market in US is moving faster towards non-CSDs than the rest of the world, Coke and Pepsi have gained experience in tackling this change and then they can apply it to the international markets and be the brainish force in influencing emerging economies due to their vast strategic global presence.

The Marketing Environment

1. The changing and uncertain merchandise environment deeply furbish ups the formation. controvert this statement,explaining what is meant by the commercialise environment and explaining how it super motive allude foodstuffing plans and activities with an example. The trade surround The grocery storeing environment refers to on the whole of the natural and external forces that affect a traffickers ability to create, communicate, deliver and swop offerings of value. The factors and forces within the grocerying environment potentiometer be classified as be to the internal environment, the micro-environment, and the macro-environment.The internal environment refers to the judicature itself and the factors that argon promptly controllable by the arrangement. The micro-environment comprises the forces and factors at play inside the intentness in which the commercializeer operates. Micro-environmental factors affect all parties in the industry, including suppliers, di stri exclusivelyors, nodes and competitors. The macro-environment comprises the larger-scale forces that influence non entirely the industry in which the marter operates, notwithstanding all industries. Macro-environmental factors include political forces, scotch forces, sociocultural forces, technological forces and legal forces.This macro-environmental frame field has been called the PESTL framework. Micro-environmental and macro-environmental forces atomic turn 18 immaterial of the shaping and, charm they layabout be influenced, they commodenot be right away controlled. The internal environment refers to its parts, people and functiones. An organization is able to at present control the factors in its internal environment. A thorough discretion of the internal environment ensures that marketers conceive the governings effectivenesss and weaknesses, which positively and negatively affect the organisations ability to manage in the market tooshie.The micro-envir onment consists of customers, clients, partners, competitors and other parties that make up the organisations industry. The organization cannot directly control its micro-environment and respond to the current and hereafter impoverishments and requirements of their tail market. They must understand how for from each angiotensin converting enzyme one of their partners processes work and how their partnerships benefit each party. They must excessively understand the risks complex in working with partners and the intercourse power balance between the organization and each partner.Suppliers are a particularly critical partner. commercialiseers must look out, assess, monitor and manage risks to supplies and risks to the value of supplies. To succeed, marketers must ensure their offerings allow their come out market with greater value than their competitors offerings. Thus, marketers judge to understand their competitors marketing mix, sales volumes, sales trends, marke t shell out, staffing, sales per employee and employment trends. Marketers should die entirety budget competition, generic competition, yield competition and brand competition.The macro-environment encom turn backes uncontrollable factors outside of the industry political, economic, sociocultural, technological and legal forces. governmental forces describe the influence of politics on marketing decisions. Economic forces affect how a good deal money people and organizations can pass away and how they choose to spend it. Sociocultural forces affect peoples attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, electences, customs and lifestyles. technical forces are those arising from the search for a wagerer way to do things.Technology changes the expectations and behaviors of customers and clients as well up as how organisations work with their partners and within alliance. Laws and regulations are closely tied to politics and crap the rules under which organizations must conduct their activi ties. The some momentous laws and regulations for marketers are related to privacy, plumb trading, consumer safety, prices, contract terms and intellectual property. merchandising metrics are used to invoice current performance and the outcomes of past activities. A SWOT analysis is used to identify strengths, weaknesses, opport building blockies and threats.The example Wenzhou tog 2004? 9? 17? ,???? ??????????????? ,? 400?????????????? ,?????????????????????????? ,??? 800??????????? September 17, 2004, europiuman seat the eastern town of Elche, Spain, China Shoes City, or so 400 Spaniards gathered un hit the hayn street, destroyed a bus carrying Wenzhou skid container truck and a Wenzhou raiment warehouse, ca using about 800 million kwai of economic goinges. ?????????????????????????? This is the first ever Spanish Chinese trade interests of serious violations of the violence. ??? ,????? ,? 2001??? ,???????????????? ,?????In fact, data show that since 2001, Wenzhou brake shoe incident overseas e very year by subway occurred, and there is an upward trend 2001? 8?? 2002? 1? ,????????????? ,???????? August 2001 to January 2002, Russia had seized the incident occurred once, Wenzhou tog involved. ?????????? ,???????? 3????? ,????????????? The longest that the goods seized, the whole Zhejiang loss of about 3 billion yuan loss of individual green lights million yuan or more(prenominal). 2003?? ,20???????????????????? ,??????? The winter of 2003, more than 20 harvest-festivals of Wenzhou footgear shoe was burned in Rome, Italy, the specific loss is unknown. 004? 1? 8? ,???????? ???????? ,???????? January 8, 2004, the Nigerian Government issued list of verboten imports, Wenzhou situation one of them. 2004? 2? 12? ,????????????????? ??? ??????? ,?????????????????? 3000??? February 12, 2004, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs send a large number of law raids in Moscow, Aimila big market goods, Chinese lineagemen, including China, Wenzh ou shoe manufacturers, including course loss of about $ 30,000,000 this ??????????? ,????????? 2001????? 40%,?????? 30%,?????????????? 4. 6????relevant data and background information, Wenzhou shoe return for exportation as early as in 2001, jumped 40%, close to 30% of total output, only(prenominal) from Wenzhou Customs passing of stead to the value of $ 460,000,000. ????? 10???????????????? ,? ?? ? ?? ? ,?? ?? ????????????????????? ,????????????????????????? Wenzhou go on 10 in several shoe factories to produce shoes for export oriented, such as the East Art, Tema, and so on , including Tema, including several of Wenzhou shoe factory, and also Wal-Mart write intersectionion agreement for the global deal out industry hegemony of mass production for supermarkets transmit cheap shoes. ????? ,??????????????????? ,???? ,??? 10?? 30???? ,?????? 10??? From the product level , at present, roughly of Chinas export of footwear is still the marrow and low variety, low prices , generally 10 dollars to 30 dollars, many horizontal little than 10 dollars. ?? 9???????? ?? ?????????????? 5 ?? ? Took come in September this year, Spains burning shoes incident was burned average unit price of the shoes only 5 euros. ????????????????? ,??????????? ( OEM )????? merchandises of superior-end shoes and own-brand share are very small, and exports more products to OEM manner. ? ,????????????????????? ,????????????????? ??? ??? ,?????????????????????? ,??????????????????? ,??????????? For example, roughly of the production of footwear sales in the U. S. low-end shoe storage, eon in the United States, the high-end shoe store also can procure the Chinese shoes of the shadow, but the price was reject than Italy, Spain, Brazil and other countries products, and all Chinese-made shoes are not their own brands, trademarks and brands are using overseas. ?????????????????????? ,???????????????????Some of the same arrange shoe prices in foreign markets and products to be lower than the country of origin, and some even lower than Vietnam, and Thailands exports. ?????? , ????????? ?????? ,?????????????????????????????? ,????????????? ?????? ,??????? 10?????????? 2200? ,???????????? View from the export initiatives, private enterprises accounted for most see from the export area, importantly in Wenzhou, Zhejiang, Fujian Jinjiang, Quanzhou, Guangdong, Shandong, Sichuan and other regions, and has ceremonious a number of shoe manufacturing make from the export scale , the current export value of 10 million U.S. dollars more than 2,200 enterprises, accounting for nearly half of the total number of export enterprises. ??????? ???? ?????? , ????????? ???????? ??? ,????????? ?? ? ?????? ,??????????????????????? ,????????????????? ???????????????????? The Spanish case, we need to think about the brand. We do not have world-renowned brand, which is the external competition of Chinese shoes in the greatest difficulty. decision maker vice president of Co rnell, said eats Jinmiao interview.Members of Light Industry Import and Export Corporation Wenzhou Foreign Trade Wai seems to know China come apart than anyone in the international market brand shoes difficult. ????????? BATA ,??????????? ,???????????? snow???????????????????? ,?????????????????????????? Well-known supermarket chains in Europe BATA , there are a divide of shoes from around the world, but I never found more than degree Celsius euros over Chinese shoes. Chinese shoe brands in the world, not only to low-end shoes to argue. Spain burning low-end shoes is the result of competition. 2. draw in detail the five marketing management orientation. Discuss the marketers argument for why an organization should grok the market orientation. merchandise Management penchant The merchandise Orientation and the merchandising thought. An organization with a market orientation focuses its enterprises on 1)continuously collecting information about customers take and compet itors capabilities, 2) sharing this information across departments, and 3) using the information to create customer value.The market orientation simply defines an organization that understands the grandeur of customer necessitate, makes an effort to provide products of high value to its customers, and markets its products and services in a coordinated holistic program across all departments. In what we call the Marketing creation, the company embraces a school of thought that the customer is King. The Marketing idea is an attitude. Its a philosophy that is driven down without the organization from the very top of the management structure. The Marketing Concept communicates that the customer is king. Everything that the company does focuses on the customer. Via the Marketing Concept, a company makes every effort to outflank understand the wants and needs of its scratch market and to create want-satisfying goods that best ful remove the needs of that aspire market and to do this give than the competition. It wasnt always that way. at that place were other orientations that companies embraced over the years. The Production Concept has been around for years. That concept simply suggests that customers prefer inexpensive products that are readily available. In effect, if we make it, they go out come. The Product Concept suggests that companies that build the better mou wanerap go away gain favor. The thinking here is that customers want products that have higher quality, that offer better performance or do something unique. The selling Concept proceeded the Marketing Concept. From the 1920s until the 1950s, most firms had a sales orientation. Competition had grown, and there was a need to pursue the scarce customer. gross sales could mean everything from sales people to denote to public relations, but little effort was made to coordinate any general marketing function.What we often saw in the Selling Concept was the hard sell and the belief tha t consumers wouldnt purchase unless they were sold. The Holistic Marketing Concept that is embraced in the 21st snow results in companies looking at their boilers suit marketing efforts. This includes how their marketing affects society, as a whole. Marketing is also done internally within the company. Without customers, a company will quickly flounder &8212 thus the sizeableness of the relationship. Holistic marketing looks at the connectivity of the company, its people, its customers, and the society in which it operates.The Societal Marketing Concept focuses on. Market lay in the 70s of destruction century by the American Marketing experts Iris and Jack Trouts, its meaning is an enterprise based on existing products on the market competitors, the location of the products for a customer These characteristics or attributes of the emphasis, create unique products for the enterprise, bragging(a) the impression of a distinctive jut out, and to pass such a vivid view to the cus tomer, so that the products in the market to determine the appropriate location. Market pose of a product itself is not what you do, but you do the eyes of potential consumers.The essence of market orientation to the enterprise and other enterprises purely separated, so that customers clearly feel and secern the difference, which the customer occupies a special place in mind. Another argument is the product office staffing, target market positioning, rivalrous positioning. Market positioning is the key enterprises should try to scratch their products more competitive than the competitions features. Competitive value is generally two basic types one is price competitive, that is, under the same conditions tidy sum lower prices than the competition. This requires companies to take all efforts to number unit costs.Second, competitive preference, which can provide certain features to meet customer specific preferences. This requires companies to take every effort to work on the product features. Therefore, the whole process of the enterprise market positioning can be accomplished through terzetto steps 1) Analysis of the status of the target market to confirm the potential of this business a competitive avail 2) The precise choice of competitive advantage, the initial positioning of the target market Competitive advantage that the ability of companies to outperform its competitors.This capability can be either existing, may also be potential. Select a competitive advantage is actually a business and competitor strength equivalenced to all aspects of the process. Indicators should be a relatively complete system, the only way to unblemishedly select the relative competitive advantage. The usual method is to analyze, compare companies and competitors in business management, technology development, procurement, production, marketing, finance, and what kinds of products is the strength of seven areas, which are weak.To select the most suitable for the bu siness advantages of the project, initially set to target enterprise market position. 3) Shows a distinct competitive advantage and re-positioning The main task of this step is the enterprise through a series of publicity and furtherance activities, the competitive advantage of its unique and accurate communication to potential customers and impress in the minds of customers. To this end, companies should first understand the target customer, know, know, identity, cope and preference of the companys market position, established in the minds of customers is consistent with the positioning of the jut out.Second, companies target customers through a variety of efforts to strengthen the image and maintain understanding of target customers, target customers attitude stability and deepening the feelings of the target customers to consolidate in line with the markets image. Finally, enterprises should make up attention to the target customers understand their market position or because of deviations propaganda enterprise market positioning errors caused by target customers fuzzy, nut house and misunderstanding, and promptly correct the inconsistencies in the image and market positioning.Companys products in the market positioning even if it is appropriate, but in the by-line circumstances, should consider re-positioning (1) Introduction of new competitors, product positioning in the vicinity of the enterprise products, enterprise products occupied part of the market, so that the decline in market share of enterprise products. 2) Consumer needs or preferences change, so that the enterprise product sales plummeted. To repeal the strong positioning strategy act to avoid is the most powerful business or other enterprise directly place a strong competition, piece positioning their products in another market area, to make their products with certain characteristics or attributes the strongest or strong opponents are more significant differences.Head-positioning st rategy is an enterprise based on its own strength, to occupy a better market position, at the market on the dominant, most powerful or compete head-strong competitors, leaving their own and rival products into the the same market position. Looking for new but not yet occupied the position of the potential market demand to fill vacancies on the market, production market, not, with some characteristics of products. such as Japans Sony Corporation Sony Walkman and a number of new

'Effects of Technology in Society\r'

' applied science has change military some of the critical processes in the manufacturing as well the household. The electronic gadgets that hasten entered the homes of the leafy vegetable man have salve him the daily household shape. Our world is ever so changing an advancing in the state of science and engineering. Our dreams become cornerstones for the future. These days it seems problematic to escape the presence of technology. umteen of us depend on it to get us through the day, to do our business organization, to get around, and to realise certain things.\r\nWhile technology has brought us such(prenominal) a extensive way, could it in fact be hindering us in other ways? What happens when these like technologies we so depend on go against? Could most forms of technology just be interruptions, ways of moving us pass on away from each other? Could engine room cause a form of closing off? We be faced with these questions every day, whether we get a line it or non. return of the days when thither were no computers and no modern path of transport. Human life was highly circumscribe due to the unavailability of technological applications.\r\n day-after-day life involved a grapple of physical activity. The life of the parking area man of those times was not as wonderful as that of the modern times, but he was very much active. Daily exercise was structured in the routine physical activities. It was depraved to the lifestyle of today, which cable carries no time schedule for rigorous exercise and carries laze and inactivity. Think of the days when thither were no online messengers, no emails and no cell phones. Indeed the cellular technology cr depleteed the miracle of enabling conversation oer the wireless media.\r\nThe communication facilities provided by the net profit worked wonders in speeding long-distance communication but likewise deprived man of the warmth of personal contact. Emails replaced handwritten earn and communication lost its personal touch. With the authority of communication available a some clicks away, the tendency of taking pains to fix the loved ones has vanished. Times have witnessed this application evolve from mechanical scooters to automated ventcrafts. Animals were the whole modes of transportation in day pass.\r\nTechnology was the driving force behind the invention and design of the modern-day automobiles. Bicycles evolved into scooters and sports bikes. The idea of having four-wheel modes of transportation gave rise to the creation of cars. Modes of air and water came up, thanks to technology. Machines have automated some(prenominal) of the crucial industrial processes. Machines are flat taking up many of the mundane jobs that were once executed by valet workers. One of the most primary(prenominal) breakthroughs for technology was the agricultural organisation. The agricultural schema was the basis for the technology of the future.\r\nThe agricultural sy stem brought on the selectiness for transportation, workers and stock-still, battles everywhere land. The need for transportation brought vehicles into the commercialise. The need for employees brought mechanical robots into society. Battles over land brought on the need for school weapons. The agricultural system brought on a revolution. The invention of the television can bet media and other forms of sport into your house with video recording and audio combined. Before 1950, newspapers and radio were the notwithstanding ways to bring media or entertainment into the house.\r\nMass production and other job opportunities brought many mickle from the suburbs and farms into the city. We can now have forms of electricity directed into our houses for heat up and light. creation are to a greater extent dependent on technology than ever before. every last(predicate) of these technological advances sound great; as yet, there is a proscribe cause to whole this technology. Technology can serve to in truth harm homo rather than befriend them. aspiration mingled with companies or even cities can sometimes make lives for humans even worse. Take for example when a city builds bust and more than roadstead to attract tourists.\r\nThis actually creates more work, not less. Technology also changes our sense of common purpose. New inventions such as the personal computer and machines can change our lifestyles. thus far things we take for granted such as the automobile have banish set up on technology. The oil necessary for a car to run needs to be imported and sometimes accidents such as the Exxon Valdez incident spills many gallons of oil into the ocean. both of these examples show how technology has negative effectuate on society.\r\nFirst, competition can racetrack to a negative effect of technology. When a confederacy in the U. S. produces space and a fraternity in Great Britain produces shoes as well, they must(prenominal) fight for their market share. Let’s say the company in Great Britain purchases more machines that lead reduce the amount of workers needed and remedy output, and consequently they can reduce the wrong of their product. If the company in New York doesnt keep company in their footsteps then they could be coerce out of business. In this case the company is compel into buying the machines just so they can stay in business. This has a negative effect on the employees who forget be replaced by the new machines.\r\nWhen a city wishings to attract tourists by create better roads to lessen concern there is a mistake because this forget only(prenominal) create more traffic since there exit be more passel demanding to travel these roads. McManus says the inability to see the future is responsible for the negative make of new technologies. He also states better roads cause more traffic congestion, not less. By creating better roads, more good deal testament want to travel the se roads (A-1). If New York city built a new ripe highway to attract more tourists then more New Yorkers leave alone want to travel these roads as well.\r\nMany New Yorkers who previously utilise circumstances transit to travel to work volition now want to use a car to travel to work. In effect there will be more traffic and more pollution. There will be other side effects as well. Real estate value of areas near the highway could go down. challenger can help a friendship in one aspect however it can hurt it as well. Competition can directly stimulate the rescue; however, long term effects such as pollution and the loss of jobs could pardon why the City of New York doesnt masterful a project like this.\r\nSecond, technology can change our sense of common purpose. For millions of years, mankind has been used to doing everything for themselves. For a long time peoples main concerns were survival. To survive centre to go out into the woods or forests and shoot animals for t he victuals which the family needs to eat for the day. mess of modern society never think about functioning for intellectual nourishment or clothes. Now, it is all brought to people forthwith through a new model of survival. The new standard for survival fashion making money to go to a mall or supermarket and acquiring everything a family needs.\r\nA family can get food and clothing at these places without ever having to go into a forest or a lake. This thought is ever so frightening. When a person from modern society goes into a supermarket and buys a pound of fish, he or she doesnt even think of the process that went into the comer of that piece of fish. He or she didnt need to go to a lake, all that was needed was to drive to your local supermarket and buy it. No fishing or hunting was necessary. man are losing their sense of common purpose. â€Å" scarcely what ‘revenge effect will this have?\r\nThe technology- apology movement begins by pointing out that we are cobbling together virtual communities age our real cities crumble, at least partly because our sense of common purpose has frayed. Today, only about 5 percent of American households are on-line, but what happens, the critics wonder, when half the surface area is wired? Will we escape the afflictive complications of the world outside our locked doors by opting for communities in ‘cyberspace, where we can enjoy the company of people who share our interests and our views? Where the streets never need to be cleaned and you dont have to keep an eye on your neighbors house?\r\nWhat happens if the sirens outside become to a fault distracting? Will we simply buy insulated drapes? globe are getting lazy. Almost everything must be done for them in advance. However, sometimes this change in lifestyle is forced upon humans. When a company decides to buy robots to do the job that man once did, and then the human is forced into either getting fired or watching the machine all day long . Hopefully humans will not get used to watching a robot do all the work for them. Technology has emphatically changed the lifestyle and common purpose of many humans. Conclusion\r\nIn conclusion, society has recently seen the negative effects of society. Competition between cities and companies has taken away jobs and brought unwanted and dear(p) projects into pleasurable areas. A change in lifestyle among almost every human being is yet another negative effect of technology. What has happened to people since supermarkets came to town? People do not want to hunt for food anymore. They find it much easier to notch into a store and purchase it. A third reason why technology has a negative effect on society is the advent of highly dependent possessions such as the automobile.\r\nMany people count on traveling to work every day by car. If the car was somehow taken away from people then there would be chaos. It is much too late to take it away. Humans are much too dependent on it. There is not equal mass transit to transport all of the present car users. Hopefully, future technologies will be fully considered. We must view at the advantages and consequences and measure if society will benefit or suffer from the technology. fore foregone technologies werent fully considered and if they were, there is a fortune that the automobile never would have gone into production.\r\n'

'Filter Innovations Inc Case\r'

'2008 > John Dragasevich (president), sm every(prenominal) body of piddle filtration political party found out of Toronto, Ontario, considering expansion, increasingly unforgiving regulations on wastewater system management implemented by g everyplacenment, invest in unfermented engineering science (membrane biological reactors)? Industry: > ontogenesis demand for water and water word, panache pass judgmented to continue > market projections arrival $348 billion > demand growing for proficient inebriety water in exploitation countries > sustainability challenges and advancements in environmental regulation sequel in growth of demand for higher(prenominal) water finessement standards > 2008, 1. billion without drinking water, 2. 4 billion not attached to wastewater establishments > 40% projected increase in water consumption by 2025, 1/3 of world tribe affected by water shortage > in Canada, to a greater extent than $2 billion in gross revenue > pear-shapedst c onsumers †municipalities, both harvest-feasts and operate > significant portion of market †industrial Competition: > dominated by 2 large mutli-national companies ( randomness water tech and Zenon membrane resolves) > competition ordered large users of filtration ashess (corporation and municipalities) requiring oer 1 jillion litres/day > Siemens †2. one trillion one million million million in revenue, 6000 employees (150 R& international adenylic acidere;D), serve more than 90% of consequence 500 manufacturing companies, around coulomb,000 industrial consumers, put up conjunction Siemens AG oer 100 billion electronics and engineering caller-up in everywhere 190 countries with 428,000 people, attraction in innovation > Zenon †owned by GE, provided a complete range of filtration outgrowthes, offered broadest product line in fabrication, over 100 years of experience, over 300,000 employees in over 100 countries, publically traded with 18 million in revenue > smaller competitors, particularise in niche market, offer gross revenue and back on a particularised type of filtration and treatment product environment: have to meet provincial regulations set upd on standards set by federal official statute > some environmental legislation require wastewater treatment > handout limits for sewer use, storm sewers, and groundwater seepage; limits quit regionally > wastewater dumped for use of a fertilizer must be toughened > stricter legislation raising environmental standards required by companies > many companies require present of laudation from ministry of environment and energy, validating obligingness with all guidelines Filter Innovations Inc: > dragasevich studied naval biology, worked for major provider of filter presses in NA > extensive experience in industrial process and environmental products, gross revenue manager with GAF (industry leader for filter vessels and adhesive friction filters) > 1992, founded F ilter Innovations Company: > small industrial water filtration follow identifies and supplies treatment solutions for groundwater, wastewater, process water and air > evaluated client`s fates and design appropriate musical arrangement to meet need, develop and build system, ensnare it, monitoring device it regularly, offer product resist > supplies wide range of environmental products to support filtration systems > goal †prioritize social and environmental responsibilities at all durations to batten down that actions positively influence both the association and environment > ongoing R&D development of brisk technologies for advance products and systems; important to be recognized as being at forefront of the spark advance technology > employs 14 people, gross revenue representatives, technology engineers & technicians, administrative staff > bond paper with firms acting as distributors of its products and systems across NA with few gross sales in atomic number 63 and SA > serves 500 clients, FII equipment operational in over 1500 championship sites; 80% sales in Canada, 15% sales in US, 5% sales outside of NA > demands to be recognized as primary supplier of environmental equipment and products, offers simple, innovative solutions for air and water treatment; wants to be one-stop shop for all filtration needs, offering timely and court-effective solutions Calco group: > 2006, FII purchased by CEG (identifies and acquires environmental companies that were guide suppliers of its particular products) > membership with Calco allowed companies to share resources, networks, and noesis > MLE (groundwater remediation) offers homogeneous products as FII; MLE benefit from sales expertness; FII able to capitalize on MLE unfaltering manufacturing c at a timenter Operations: high heighten on sales/technical knowledge; high routineer-centric outlook; flexibility in meeting needs of fashioner notice to success; unique/comprehensiv e business structure (engineering, manufacturing, and distributing of assorted filtration products and systems > goodness products in inventory for quick sale (filter media, ready-made filtration units), other products ordered from suppliers as essential (keep inventory investments and storage addresss low) > advantageous membership with CEG and strong supplier networks > customized systems †quest after in collaborative design efforts with clients and engineers; once designed, system built by manufacturing alliances thusly installed and supported by FII > offers rental and leasing natural selection; three types interested in this †those who want to test a system earlier purchase, those who need it for a specific time period only, and those who want to finance system through and through regular instalment payments gross sales: > about 65% of revenues from sale of single products; customized products represent 35% of sales Consumers: 2 reason for demand †comp anies pollute preceding(prenominal) regulated level obligated to head off environmental penalties; companies recognize opportunity to relieve money by cleaning/recycle wastewater by reducing garbage disposal costs; demand ranges from short-term, quick-fix to long-term consultation/installation (ongoing monitoring and support) > tend to focus on projects requiring less that 1 million litres/day; able to provide individualise support; larger companies don’t find these projects useful, less competition > customers in 2 equal groups †environmental consulting companies/distributors on behalf of their clients; end users (buy handle from FII) Environmental consultants: > dismember clients’ wastewater treatment needs, recommend solution and help implement it; after assessing need, produce request for RFP from each vendor, use industry expertise to recommend vanquish resource for client End user: > no internal capability, FII identify needs, build custom soluti on to fix problem (incorporating restrictions); if commodity products much more price exquisite choose vendor with lowest price, for custom products price less of a irritation and giveing to pay; learn through tradeshows, advertising, word-of-mouth, and industry reputation MBR: new, stricter government regulations meant that company’s existing wastewater treatment designs did not meet new guidelines; set about with decision of whether to expand into MBR market > MBR †new technology for wastewater treatment, allow for water re-use; different application than FII > MBR designed to treat biological wastewater, predict that MBR system entrust be used to add move around osmosis to make water safe for takeout water consumption > Europe leading in development > currently best environmental option; FII would benefit from MBR sales and advanced knowhow/expertise with respect to manufacturing, engineering, building, and financial support new systems Potential Customer base : MBR system would be important performer for FII’s profitability; treating wastewater under(a) 10,000 litres/day means government sycophancy to pass building code > examen costs (one time) $200,000; over that volume company only needs certificate of approval available at no cost as customer would pay tap based on percentage of system cost > FII fearful of competition, FII need to target and seek out contracts that would be profitable but not attractive to large competitors MBR competition: > Sanitherm (subsidiary of Peak energy operate based in western Canada and direct competition with FII, provides turnkey solutions, built, installed and operate various products/systems, ingest 3% of MBR market, sold water and wastewater treatment systems globally) > Enviroquip (division of Eimco Water Technologies, hold 30% of MBR market share in NA, operates in Texas, delimitates in design and manufacturing, offers ripe range of equipment for water pollution control, advanced wa ste treatment, water treatment and slant-eye handling) Potential Expansion: reputation with MBR will take a while to build, expect sales to be minimal to scratch line but will grow; sales could reach a high of $500,000 (before installation) in 1st year, reaching several million in following years > extra revenues (half of each system) for installation remunerative at beginning with allowance of 90 days COGS > MBR cost average of 35% f system sale (20% for membrane and 80% for fabrication) > membrane purchase from supplier (SGR AQUIRIS in Europe), minimum start-up membrane inventory of $25,000 on hand and had to pay cash upon admit > fabrication components bought from member of Calco, extended assurance damage and alwys paid in 60 day, transportation paid for by FII and cost 5% of COGS Other Expenses: need to rent technology expert ($48,000), and support psyche ($38,000) > dragsevich and other managers have to co-ordinate with suppliers and customers to monitor new business i n terms of R&D; 20% of time spent on MBRs ($30,000) > more space needed for inventory and personnel, operates in facility that allows for lease of additional adjoining units for expansion; $2,250/month/unit; public-service corporation $180/month > important to scar itself properly to gain recognition as reliable supplier of MBR business; aforethought(ip) an additional $6,400 annually MBR marketing > need to purchase software modelling program for $18,000, beneficial for 3 years and amortized utilise straight-line with zero salvage value > paid for advertising, attends tradeshows, provided articles; 25% of costs would directly tinct to new MBR business; plan to read to various publications, advertise and attend tradeshows that specialize in MBR; if sales reached 1 million would need to hire s MBR sales manager ($70,000) Conclusion: is it right time to get into MBR? Wise investment? sales projection may be overly optimistic and it could vary highly depending on ability t o brand itself\r\n'

'Indian Rupee Essay\r'

'â€Å"INR” redirects here. For separate(a) uses, see INR (disambiguation). For the Malayalam film, see Indian rupee (film).\r\nIndian rupee ₹|\r\nरुपया (Hindu)|\r\n|\r\nISO 4217 code| INR|\r\n primaeval bank| military reserve commit of India|\r\nWebsite | www.rbi.org.in|\r\n ordained user(s)| India|\r\nUn ex officio user(s)| Bhutan (a want side theBhutanese ngultrum) Nepal (alongside theNepalese rupee)|\r\nInflation| 5.96%, March 2013|\r\n starting season | Economic Adviser|\r\nMethod | WPI|\r\nPegged by| Bhutanese ngultrum (at par)\r\nNepalese rupee (1 INR = 1.6 NPR)|\r\nfractional m integritytary unit| |\r\n1/ ascorbic acid | Paisa|\r\nSymbol| ₹|\r\nPaisa| p|\r\nFormerly apply symbols and Coins | ₨, Rs, ರೂ, ৳, ૱, రూ, ௹, रु .| Nickname| Taka(৳), Ru redressya, Rupai, rupees, Rupay, Rupayee| Coins| 50 paise, ₹1, ₹2, ₹5, à ¢â€šÂ¹10|\r\n coast bloodlines| ₹5, ₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹ speed of light, ₹ cholecalciferol, ₹ unitary and lone(prenominal)(a) hundred0| Printer| guard confide of India|\r\nWebsite | www.rbi.org.in|\r\n fix| India G everywherenment Mint|\r\nWebsite | www.spmcil.com|\r\nThe Indian rupee ( theatre: ₹; code: INR) is the official specie of the Republic of India. The issuance of the smashing is controlled by the countenance pious platitude of India.[1] The advance(a) rupee is subdivided into speed of light paise (singular paisa), though as of 2011 entirely 50-paise coins atomic number 18 judicial pestle.[2][3] Bank billhooks in circulation come in titles of ₹5, ₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹ blow, ₹ tailfin hundred and ₹ snow0. Rupee coins be available in denominations of ₹1, ₹2, ₹5, ₹10, ₹100 and ₹1000; of these, the ₹100 and ₹1000 coin s be for commemorative purposes only; the only other rupee coin has a nominal hold dear of 50 paise, since lower denominations afford been offici altogether in solelyy withdrawn. The Indian rupee symbol ‘₹’ (officially adopted in 2010) is derived from the Devanagari consonant â€Å"र” (Ra) and the Latin letter â€Å"R”. The prime(prenominal) serial of coins with the rupee symbol was launched on 8 July 2011. The reserve Bank manages expectant in India and derives its role in up-to-dateness counsel on the basis of the backup man Bank of India Act, 1934. Recently RBI launched a website Paisa-Bolta-Hai to deck up aw argonness of counterfeit bullion among users of the INR. contents\r\n[hide]\r\n* 1 Etymology\r\n* 2 De trace\r\n* 3 Num successionl physical bodyation\r\n* 4 narrative\r\n* 4.1 Indias\r\n* 4.2 whirl Settlements\r\n* 4.3 internationalist use\r\n* 5 Coins\r\n* 5.1 eastbound India Company, 1835\r\n* 5.2 violet issues, 1862â€1947\r\n* 5.3 main(a) predecimal issues, 1950â€1957\r\n* 5.4 individual decimal issues, 1957â€\r\n* 5.5 single-valued functionicular(a) coins\r\n* 6 Bank line of businesss\r\n* 6.1 British India\r\n* 6.2 Independent issues since 1949\r\n* 6.3 Current bank take downs\r\n* 7 styles\r\n* 8 Minting\r\n* 9 Security features\r\n* 10 Convertibility\r\n* 10.1 Chronology\r\n* 11 Exchange evaluate\r\n* 11.1 Historic telephone transfigure rates\r\n* 11.2 Banknotes and coins in circulation\r\n* 11.3 Current flip rates\r\n* 12 See likewise\r\n* 13 References\r\n* 14 External l sign\r\nâ€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€-\r\nEtymology[edit microbe | editbeta]\r\nThe ledger â€Å"rupee” was derived from the Sanskrit condition raupyak, convey â€Å" ash gray”. This is similar to the British beat in- superlative, in which the term ‘ superior’ room ‘ funds’. 1. રૂપࠪ¿àª¯à«‹ (rupiyo) in Gujarati\r\n2. টà¦à¦¾ (tôka) in Assamese\r\n3. টাà¦à¦¾ (taka) in Bengali\r\n4. रुपया (rupayā) in Hindoo\r\n5. روپÛ (pronounced ropyih) in Kashmiri\r\n6. ರೂಪಾಯಿ (rÅ«pāyi) in Kannada, Tulu and Konkani 7. रुपया (rupayā) in Konkani\r\n8. രൂപ (rÅ«pā) in Malayalam\r\n9. रुपया (rupayā) in Marathi\r\n10. रुपियाँ(rupiya) in Nepali\r\n11. ଟଙ୍à¬à¬¾(tanka) in Oriya\r\n12. ਰੁਪਈਆ (rupiā) in Punjabi\r\n13. रूप्यà¤à¤®à¥ (rÅ«pyakam) in Sanskrit (Devnagari) 14. रुपियो (rupiyo) in Sindhi\r\n15. ரூபாய் (rÅ«pāi) in Tamil\r\n16. రూపాయి (rÅ«pāyi) in Telugu\r\n17. روپÛ ( rupay) in Urdu\r\nHowever, in the Assam, West Bengal, Tripura and Odisha the Indian rupee is officially known by call derived from the contrive टङ्ठ(á¹­aṇkā), which sum â€Å"money”.[4] Thus, the rupee is called টà¦à¦¾ (ṭôkā) in Assamese, টাà¦à¦¾ (ṭākā) in Bengali and ଟଙ୍à¬à¬¾ (á¹­aṇkā) in Oriya. The beat (and the saucys program â€Å"rupee”) is, accordingly, compose on the effort of Indian peckers in English and Hindi, whilst on the back the name is listed, in English alphabetical set out,[5] in 15 other Indian languages[6] â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€-\r\nDesign[edit credit | editbeta]\r\nThe raw(a) sign (₹) is a combination of the Devanagari letter â€Å"र” (ra) and the Latin capital letter â€Å"R” with come forth its erect bar (similar to the R rotunda). The parall el lines at the top (with white space amidst them) argon said to f ar an allusion to the tricolour Indian flag.[7] and in any case depict an equality sign that symbolises the nation’s thirst to reduce economic dis proportion. It was designed at theNational Institute of Design â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€-\r\nNumeral corpse[edit writer | editbeta]\r\n primary(prenominal) article: Indian be system\r\nThe Indian numeral system is based on the decimal system, with cardinal notable differences from Western systems using long and short scales. The system is ingrained in e genuinelyday monetary transactions in the Indian subcontinent. Indian semantic| International semantic| Indian comma perspective| International comma placement| 1 lakh| 100 thousand| 1,00,000| 100,000|\r\n10 lakhs| 1 million| 10,00,000| 1,000,000|\r\n1 crore| 10 million| 1,00,00,000| 10,000,000|\r\n10 crores| 100 million| 10,00,00,000| 100,000,000|\r\n 1 Arab| 1 billion| 1,00,00,00,000| 1,000,000,000|\r\n10 Arabs| 10 billion| 10,00,00,00,000| 10,000,000,000|\r\n1 kharab| 100 billion| 1,00,00,00,00,000| 100,000,000,000| 10 kharabs| 1 one million million million| 10,00,00,00,00,000| 1,000,000,000,000| 1 padam(shankh)| 10 trillion| 1,00,00,00,00,00,000| 10,000,000,000,000| 10 padams(shankhs)| 100 trillion| 10,00,00,00,00,00,000| 100,000,000,000,000| * product line that in practice, use of Arab, kharab, padam is rare. In modern usage, 1 Arab would be 100 crores. For ex adenosine monophosphatele, the amount ₹3,25,84,729.25 is withdraw as â€Å"three crore, t sebaceous cystty- tailfin lakh, 84 thousand, s yet hundred twenty-nine rupees and twenty-five paise”. The use of millions (or billions, trillions, etc.) in the Indian subcontinent is very rare. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€-\r\n explanation[edit antecedent | editbeta]\r\nMain article: History of the rupee\r\nIndia s[edit microbe | editbeta]\r\nSilver sack mark coin of the Maurya empire, known as Rupyarupa, 3rd cytosine BCE. Historically, the rupee (derived from the Sanskrit word raupya), was a bills coin. This had severe consequences in the nineteenth century, when the strongest economies in the world were on the prosperousen tired. The discovery of large quantities of funds in the United States and several European colonies resulted in a decline in the value of fluid relative to grand, devaluing India’s regular silver. This event was known as â€Å"the fall of the rupee”. The history of the Indian rupee traces back to Ancient India in circa 6th century BC, ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world,[8]along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters. The Hindi word rÅ«piya is derived physique Sanskrit word rÅ«pya, which pith â€Å" work silver, a coin of silver”,[9] in origin an adjective meaning â€Å" upturned”, with a mor e specific meaning of â€Å"stamped, impressed”, whence â€Å"coin”. It is derived from the noun rÅ«pa â€Å"shape, likeness, image”. The word rÅ«pa is being further identify as having sprung from the Dravidian â€Å". Arthashastra, pen by Chanakya, immemorial minister to the lookmost Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya(c. 340-290 BCE), mentions silver coins asrupyarupa, other types of coins including amber coins (Suvarnarupa), copper coins ( Tamararupa) and pourboire coins (Sisarupa) are also mentioned. Rupa means form or shape, example, Rupyarupa, Rupya †wrought silver, rupa †form.[10] During his five- form rule from 1540 to 1545, he set up a radical civic and military administration, Afghan business leader Sher Shah Suri issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains, which was termed theRupiya.[9][11] The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, Maratha era as well as in British India.[12] Among the earliest issues of paper ru pees complicate; the Bank of Hindustan (1770â€1832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773â€75, realized by warren Hastings), and the Bengal Bank (1784â€91).\r\nRupiya issued by Sher Shah Suri, 1540â€1545 CE\r\nIndia was unaffected by the purplish order-in-council of 1825, which onseted to introduce British superior coinage to the British colonies. British India, at that time, was controlled by the British eastward India Company. The silver rupee continued as the currency of India through the British Raj and beyond. In 1835, British India adopted a mono-metallic silver standard based on the rupee; this end was make up ones mindd by a letter written by Lord Liverpool in 1805 extolling the virtues of mono-metallism. following(a) the Indian Mutiny in 1857, the British governing took direct control of British India. Since 1851, g sure-enough(a) sovereigns were produced en masse at the Royal Mint in Sydney, spick-and-span southern Wales. In an 1864 render t o make the British metallic sovereign the â€Å" royal coin”, the treasuries in Bombay andCalcutta were instructed to receive gold sovereigns; however, these gold sovereigns never left(a) the vaults. As the British governance gave up rely of replacing the rupee in India with the seize sterling, it realized for the same reason it could not replace the silver dollar in the Straits Settlements with the Indian rupee (as the British eastbound India Company had desired).\r\nSince the silver crisis of 1873, a number of nations adopted the gold standard; however, India remained on the silver standard until it was replaced by a basket of commodities and currencies in the lately 20th century.[citation needed] The Indian rupee replaced the danish pastry Indian rupee in 1845, the french Indian rupee in 1954 and the Portuguese Indian escudo in 1961. following(a) the emancipation of British India in 1947 and theaccession of the de luxe states to the new Union, the Indian rupee r eplaced all the currencies of the previously autonomous states (although the Hyderabadi rupee was not demonetised until 1959).[13] Some of the states had issued rupees equal to those issued by the British (such as the Travancore rupee). other(a) currencies (including the Hyderabadi rupee and the cutch kori) had different values.\r\nOne-rupee bank note\r\nObverse of a one-rupee note issued by the Government of India. The values of the subdivisions of the rupee during British rule (and in the startle decade of independence) were: * 1 rupee = 16 anna (later 100 naye paise)\r\n* 1 artharupee = 8 anna, or 1/2 rupee (later 50 naye paise) * 1 pavala = 4 anna, or 1/4 rupee (later 25 naye paise)\r\n* 1 beda = 2 anna, or 1/8 rupee (later akin to 12.5 naye paise) *\r\n1 anna = 1/16 rupee (later kindred to 6.25 naye paise) * 1 paraka = 1/2 anna (later alike to 3.125 naye paise) * 1 kani (pice) = 1/4 anna (later similar to 1.5625 naye paise) * 1 damidi (pie) = 1/12 anna (later equivalent to 0.520833 naye paise) In 1957, the rupee was decimalised and divided into 100 naye paise (Hindi for â€Å"new paise”); in 1964, the initial â€Å"naye” was dropped. umteen still refer to 25, 50 and 75 paise as 4, 8 and 12 annas reckonively, similar to the usage of â€Å" ii bits” in American English for a quarter-dollar. Straits Settlements[edit blood | editbeta]\r\nThe Straits Settlements were originally an outlier of the British East India Company. The Spanish dollar had already interpreted hold in the Settlements by the time the British arrived during the 19th century; however, the East India Company tried to replace it with the rupee. This attempt was resisted by the locals; by 1867 (when the British government took over direct control of the Straits Settlements from the East India Company), attempts to introduce the rupee were in the end abandoned. International use[edit come | editbeta]\r\nSee also: Pakistani rupee\r\nWith the Partition the Pakista ni rupee came into existence, initially using Indian coins and Indian currency notes simply overstamped with â€Å"Pakistan”. antecedently the Indian rupee was an official currency of other countries, including Aden, Oman, Dubai, capital of Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the Trucial States, Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, the Seychelles and Mauritius. The Indian government introduced the disconnection rupee †also known as the Persian Gulf rupee (XPGR) †as a replacement for the Indian rupee for circulation outside the country with the make Bank of India (Amendment) Act of 1 May 1959. The beingness of a separate currency was an attempt to reduce the strain on India’s foreign reserves from gold smuggling.\r\n after(prenominal) India devalued the rupee on 6 June 1966, those countries still using it †Oman, Qatar, and the Trucial States (which became the United Arab Emirates in 1971) †replaced the Gulf rupee with their own currencies. Kuwait and Bahrain had alread y done so in 1961 and 1965, respectively. The Bhutanese ngultrum is pegged at par with the Indian rupee; both currencies are trus iirthy in Bhutan. The Nepalese rupee is pegged at ₹0.625; the Indian rupee is accepted in Nepal, except ₹500 and ₹1000 government notes, which are not legal tender in Nepal. Sri Lanka’s rupee is not currently related to that of India; it is pegged to the US dollar.[14] â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€-\r\nCoins[edit source | editbeta]\r\nMain article: Modern Indian coins\r\nEast India Company, 1835[edit source | editbeta]\r\nThe three Presidencies established by the British East India Company (Bengal, Bombay and Madras) from each one issued their own coinages until 1835. All three issued rupees and fractions thus down to 1⁄8- and 1⁄16-rupee in silver. Madras also issued two-rupee coins. Copper denominations were more varied. Bengal issued one-pie, 1⁄2-, one- an d two-paise coins. Bombay issued 1-pie, 1⁄4-, 1⁄2-, 1-, 11⁄2-, 2- and 4-paise coins. In Madras there were copper coins for two and four-spot pies and one, two and four paisa, with the first two denominated as 1⁄2 and one dub (or 1⁄96 and 1⁄48) rupee. Madras also issued the Madras fanam until 1815. All three Presidencies issued gold mohurs and fractions of mohurs including 1⁄16, 1⁄2, 1⁄4 in Bengal, 1⁄15 (a gold rupee) and 1⁄3 (pancia) in Bombay and 1⁄4, 1⁄3 and 1⁄2 in Madras. In 1835, a adept coinage for the EIC was introduced. It consisted of copper 1⁄12, 1⁄4 and 1⁄2 anna, silver 1⁄4, 1⁄3 and 1 rupee and gold 1 and 2 mohurs. In 1841, silver 2 annas were added, followed by copper 1⁄2 pice in 1853. The coinage of the EIC continued to be issued until 1862, even after the Company had been taken over by the Crown. Regal issues, 1862â€1947[edit source | editbeta]\r\ nRegal issue minted during the reign ofKing/Emperor George V. In 1862, coins were introduced (known as â€Å" royal issues”) which bore the depictionure of Queen Victoria and the designation â€Å"India”. Their denominations were1⁄12 anna, 1⁄2 pice, 1⁄4 and 1⁄2 anna (all in copper), 2 annas, 1⁄4, 1⁄2 and one rupee (silver), and five and ten rupees and one mohur (gold). The gold denominations ceased production in 1891, and no 1⁄2-anna coins were issued after 1877. In 1906, bronze replaced copper for the lowest three denominations; in 1907, a cupro-nickel note one-anna coin was introduced. In 1918â€1919 cupro-nickel two-, four- and eight-annas were introduced, although the four- and eight-annas coins were only issued until 1921 and did not replace their silver equivalents. In 1918, the Bombay mint also struck gold sovereigns and 15-rupee coins identical in size to the sovereigns as an emergency measure during to the First cr eation War. In the early 1940s, several changes were implemented. The 1⁄12 anna and 1⁄2 pice ceased production, the 1⁄4 anna was changed to a bronze, holed coin, cupro-nickel and nickel-brass 1⁄2-anna coins were introduced, nickel-brass was used to produce some one- and two-annas coins, and the silver stem was reduced from 91.7 to 50 percent. The last of the regal issues were cupro-nickel 1⁄4-, 1⁄2- and one-rupee pieces minted in 1946 and 1947, baby carriage the image of George VI, King and Emperor on the obverse and an Indian tiger on the reverse.. Independent predecimal issues, 1950â€1957[edit source | editbeta]\r\nIndian one pice, minted in 1950\r\nIndia’s first coins after independence were issued in 1950 in 1 pice, 1⁄2, one and two annas, 1⁄4, 1⁄2 and one-rupee denominations. The sizes and composition were the same as the final regal issues, except for the one-pice (which was bronze, simply not holed). Independe nt decimal issues, 1957â€[edit source | editbeta]\r\nIn 1964, India introduced aluminium coins for denominations up to 20p. The first decimal-coin issues in India consisted of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 naye paise, and 1 rupee. The 1 naya paisa was bronze; the 2, 5 & 10 naye paise were cupro-nickel, and the 25 naye paise (nicknamed chavanni; 25 naye paise equals 4 annas), 50 naye paise (also called athanni; 50 naye paise equaled 8 old annas) and 1-rupee coins were nickel. In 1964, the word naya(e) was removed from all coins. Between 1964 and 1967, aluminum one-, two-, three-, five- and ten-paise coins were introduced. In 1968 nickel-brass 20-paise coins were introduced, and replaced by aluminum coins in 1982. Between 1972 and 1975, cupro-nickel replaced nickel in the 25- and 50-paise and the 1-rupee coins; in 1982, cupro-nickel two-rupee coins were introduced. In 1988 harmless steel 10-, 25- and 50-paise coins were introduced, followed by 1- and 5-rupee coins in 1992. Five-rupee coins, do frombrass, are being minted by the substitute Bank of India (RBI). Between 2005 and 2008 new, lighter fifty-paise, one-, two- and five-rupee coins were introduced, make from ferritic spotless steel. The move was prompted by the melting-down of aged coins, whose face value was less than their argufy value. The demonetization of the 25-(chavanni)paise coin and all paise coins infra it took place, and a new serial of coins (50 paise †nicknamed athanni †one, two, five and ten rupees, with the new rupee symbol) were range into circulation in 2011. Coins commonly in circulation are one, two, five and ten rupees.[15][16] Although it is still legal tender, the 50-paise (athanni) coin is rarely seen in circulation.[17] travel Coins [15][18]|\r\n entertain| Technical parameters| Description| twelvemonth of|\r\n| Diameter| Mass| Composition| lick| Obverse| Reverse| First minting| Last minting| 50 paise| 19 mm| 3.79 g| Ferritic untainted steel| orotund| type of India| Value, the word â€Å"PAISE” in English and Hindi, flowered theme and stratum of minting| 2011| | 50 paise| 22 mm| 3.79 g| Ferritic stainless steel| peak| fable of India| Value, hand in a fist| 2008| | ₹1| 25 mm| 4.85 g| Ferritic stainless steel| bank note| symbol of India, value| Value, two stalks of pale yellow| 1992| | ₹1| 25 mm| 4.85 g| Ferritic stainless steel| banknote| Emblem of India| Value, hand showing thumb (an sort in the Bharata Natyam Dance)| 2007| | ₹1| 22 mm| 3.79 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, new rupee sign, floral motif and stratum of minting| 2011| | ₹2| 26 mm| 6 g| Cupro-Nickel| eleven Sided| Emblem of India, Value| National consolidation| 1982| | ₹2| 27 mm| 5.62 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India, year of minting| Value, hand showing two fingers (Hasta Mudra †hand gesture from the dance Bharata Natyam)| 2007| | ₹2| 25 mm| 4.85 g| Ferritic sta inless steel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, new rupee sign, floral motif and year of minting| 2011| | ₹5| 23 mm| 9 g| Cupro-Nickel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value| 1992| | ₹5| 23 mm| 6 g| Ferritic stainless steel| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, wavy lines| 2007| | ₹5| 23 mm| 6 g| effrontery| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, wavy lines| 2009| | ₹5| 23 mm| 6 g| Nickel- Brass| Circular| Emblem of India| Value, new rupee sign, floral motif and year of minting| 2011| | ₹10| 27 mm| 5.62 g| Bimetallic| Circular| Emblem of India with value| Value, wavy lines| 2006| | ₹10| 27 mm| 5.62 g| Bimetallic| Circular| Emblem of India and year of minting| Value with outward give out pattern, new rupee sign| 2011| | The coins are minted at the four locations of the India Government Mint. The ₹1, ₹2, and ₹5 coins confuse been minted since independence. Coins minted with the â€Å"hand picture” were minted from 2005 onwards. Specia l coins[edit source | editbeta]\r\n later independence, the Government of India mint, minted coins imprinted with Indian statesmen, historical and religious figures. In year 2010 for the first time ever ₹75, ₹cl and ₹1000 coins were minted in India to commemorate Reserve Bank of India’s Platinum jubilee, hundred-and-fiftieth birth anniversary of Rabindra Nath Tagore and 1000 old age of Brihadeeswarar Temple, respectively. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€-\r\nBanknotes[edit source | editbeta]\r\nThe design of banknotes is approved by the important government, on the recommendation of the aboriginal board of the Reserve Bank of India.[1] specie notes are printed at the funds feeling Press in Nashik, the Bank Note Press in Dewas, the Bharatiya Note Mudra Nigam (P) presses at Salboni and Mysore and at the Watermark Paper Manufacturing factory in Hoshangabad. The current serial of banknotes (which began in 1 996) is known as the Mahatma Gandhi series. Banknotes are issued in the denominations of ₹5, ₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹100, ₹500 and ₹1000. The printing of ₹5 notes (which had halt earlier) resumed in 2009. ATMs usually distri ande ₹100, ₹500 and ₹1,000 notes. The zero rupee note is not an official government issue, but a symbol of protest; it is printed (and distributed) by an nongovernmental organization in India. British India[edit source | editbeta]\r\nBritish Indian ten rupee note\r\nBritish Indian one rupee note\r\nIn 1861, the government of India introduced its first paper money: ₹10 notes in 1864, ₹5 notes in 1872, ₹10,000 notes in 1899, ₹100 notes in 1900, 50-rupee notes in 1905, 500-rupee notes in 1907 and 1000-rupee notes in 1909. In 1917, 1- and 21⁄2-rupee notes were introduced. The Reserve Bank of India began banknote production in 1938, outlet ₹2, ₹5, ₹10, ₹5 0, ₹100, ₹1,000 and ₹10,000 notes while the government continued outlet ₹1 notes. Independent issues since 1949[edit source | editbeta]\r\nAfter independence, new designs were introduced to replace the portrait of the king. The government continued issuing the ₹1note, while the Reserve Bank issued other denominations (including the ₹5,000 and ₹10,000 notes introduced in 1949). During the 1970s, ₹20 and ₹50 notes were introduced; denominations higher than ₹100 were demonetised in 1978. In 1987 the 500-rupee note was introduced, followed by the ₹1,000 note in 2000. ₹1 and ₹2 notes were give up in 1995. In September 2009, the Reserve Bank of India decided to introduce polymer banknotes on a trial basis. Initially, 100 crore (1 billion) pieces of polymer ₹10 notes will be introduced.[19] According to Reserve Bank officials, the polymer notes will have an middling lifespan of five years (four multiplic ation that of paper banknotes) and will be ambitious to counterfeit; they will also be cleaner than paper notes. Current banknotes[edit source | editbeta]\r\nMain article: Mahatma Gandhi Series (banknotes)\r\nMahatma Gandhi series ₹1000 banknote with the portrait of Mahatma Gandhi The Mahatma Gandhi series of banknotes are issued by the Reserve Bank of India as legal tender. The series is so named because the obverse of each note features a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. Since its introduction in 1996, this series has replaced all issued banknotes. The RBI introduced the series in 1996 with ₹10 and ₹500 banknotes. At present, the RBI issues banknotes in denominations from ₹5 to ₹1,000. The printing of ₹5 notes (which had stop earlier) resumed in 2009. As of January 2012, the new ‘₹’ sign has been incorporated into banknotes in denominations of ₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹100, ₹500 and ₹1,000.[20][21][22][23 ] â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€-\r\nLanguages[edit source | editbeta]\r\nEach banknote has its amount written in 17 languages. On the obverse, the denomination is written in English and Hindi. On the reverse is a language control dining table which displays the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 official languages of India. The languages are displayed in alphabetical order. Languages included on the dialog box are Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit,Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. Denominations in various(a) languages|\r\nLanguage| ₹1| ₹2| ₹5| ₹10| ₹20| ₹50| ₹100| ₹500| ₹1000| English| One rupee| Two rupees| Five rupees| Ten rupees| twenty dollar bill rupees| Fifty rupees| Hundred rupees| Five hundred rupees| One thousand rupees| Assamese| এঠটà¦à¦¾| দুই টà¦à¦¾| পাঁচ টà¦à¦¾| দহ টà¦à¦¾| বিছ টà¦à¦¾| পঞ্চাশ টà¦à¦¾| এশ টà¦à¦¾| পাঁচশ টà¦à¦¾| এঠহাà¦Å"াৰ টà¦à¦¾| Bengali| এঠটাà¦à¦¾| দুই টাà¦à¦¾| পাঁচ টাà¦à¦¾| দশ টাà¦à¦¾| à¦à§à¦¡à¦¼à¦¿ টাà¦à¦¾| পঞ্চাশ টাà¦à¦¾| শত টাà¦à¦¾| পাঁচশত টাà¦à¦¾| এঠহাà¦Å"ার টাà¦à¦¾| Gujarati| એઠરૂપિયો| બે રૂપિયા| પાંચ રૂપિયા| દસ રૂપિયા| વà  Â«â‚¬Ã ÂªÂ¸ રૂપિયા| પચાસ રૂપિયા| સો રૂપિયા| પાંચ સો રૂપિયા| એઠહàªÅ"ાર રૂપિયા| Hindi| एठरुपया| दो रुपये| पाँच रुपये| दस रुपये| बीस रुपये| पचास रुपये| एठसà¥Å' रुपये| पांच सà¥Å' रुपये| एठहà¤Å"़ार रुपये| Nepali| एठरुपियाँ| दुई रुपियाँ| पाँच रà  Â¥ÂÃ Â¤ÂªÃ Â¤Â¿Ã Â¤Â¯Ã Â¤Â¾Ã Â¤Â| दश रुपियाँ| बीस रुपियाँ| पचास रुपियाँ| एठसय रुपियाँ| पाँच सय रुपियाँ| एठहà¤Å"़ार रुपियाँ| Kannada| à²à²‚ದು ರುಪಾಯಿ| ಎರಡು ರೂಪಾಯಿà²à²³à³| ಐದು ರೂಪಾಯಿà²à²³à³| ಹತ್ತು ರೂಪಾಯಿà²à²³à³| ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತು ರೂಪಾಯಿà²à²³à³| ಐವತ್ತು ರೂಪಾಯಿà²à²³à³| ನೂರು ರೂಪಾಯಿà²à²³à³| ಐನೂರು ರೂಪಾಯಿà²à²³à³| à²à²‚ದು ಸಾವಿರ ರೂಪಾಯಿà²à²³à³| Konkani| एठरुपया| दोन रुपया| पांच रुपया| धा रुपया| वीस रुपया| पन्नास रुपया| शंभर रुपया| पाचशें रुपया| एठहà¤Å"़ार रुपया| Malayalam| à´à´°àµ രൂപ| രണ്ടു രൂപ| à´à´žàµà´šàµ രൂപ| പത്തു രൂപ| ഇഠ°àµà´ªà´¤àµ രൂപ| à´àµ»à´ªà´¤àµ രൂപ| നൂറു രൂപ| à´à´žàµà´žàµ‚റു രൂപ| ആയിരം രൂപ| Marathi| एठरुपया| दोन रुपये| पाच रुपये| दहा रुपये| वीस रुपये| पन्नास रुपये| शंभर रुपये| पाचशे रुपये| एठहà¤Å"ार रुपये| Sanskrit| एà¤à¤°à¥‚प्यà¤à¤®à¥| द्वे रूप्यà¤à¥‡| पञ्चरूप्यà¤à¤¾à¤£ ि| दशरूप्यà¤à¤¾à¤£à¤¿| विंशती रूप्यà¤à¤¾à¤£à¤¿| पञ्चाशत् रूप्यà¤à¤¾à¤£à¤¿| शतं रूप्यà¤à¤¾à¤£à¤¿| पञ्चशतं रूप्यà¤à¤¾à¤£à¤¿| सहस्रं रूप्यà¤à¤¾à¤£à¤¿| Kashmiri| | | | | | | | | -|\r\nTamil| à®à®°à¯ ரூபாய்| இரண்டு ரூபாய்| ஐந்து ரூபாய்| பத்து ரூபாய்| இருபது ரூபாய்| ஐம்பது ரூபாய ்| நூறு ரூபாய்| ஐந்நூறு ரூபாய்| ஆயிரம் ரூபாய்| Telugu| à°à° రూపాయి| రెండు రూపాయలు| ఐదు రూపాయలు| పది రూపాయలు| ఇరవై రూపాయలు| యాభై రూపాయలు| నూరు రూపాయలు| ఐదువందల రూపాయలు| వెయ్యి రూపాయలు|\r\nPunjabi| ਇਠਰੁਪਏ| ਦੋ ਰੁਪਏ| ਪੰà¨Å" ਰࠩà¨ªà¨| ਦਸ ਰੁਪਏ| ਵੀਹ ਰੁਪਏ| ਪੰà¨Å"ਾਹ ਰੁਪਏ| ਇਠਸੋ ਰੁਪਏ| ਪੰà¨Å" ਸੋ ਰੁਪਏ| ਇਠਹà¨Å"ਾਰ ਰੁਪਏ| Urdu| اÛÅ'Ú© روپÛÅ'ہ| دو روپÛ| پانچ روپÛ| دس روپÛ| بÛÅ'س روپÛ| پچاس روپÛ| اÛÅ'Ú© سو روپÛ| پانچ سو روپÛ| اÛÅ'Ú© ہزار روپÛ| Oriya| à­§ ଟଙ୍à¬à¬¾| à­¨ ଟଙ୍à¬à¬¾| à­« ଟଙ୍à¬à¬¾| à­§0 ଟଙ୍à¬à¬¾| ୨୦ ଟଙ୍à¬à¬¾| à­«à­¦ ଟଙ୍à¬à¬¾| ୧୦୦ ଟଙ୍à¬à¬¾| ୫୦୦ ଟଙ୍à¬à¬¾| ୧୦୦୦ ଟଙ୍à¬à¬¾| â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€-\r\nMinting[edit source | editbeta]\r\nA post card depicting the Mint.\r\nThe Government of India has the only obligation to mint the coins. The responsibility for coinage comes under the Coinage Act, 1906 which is amended from time to time. The pattern and minting of coins in various denominations is also the responsibility of the Government of India. Coins are minted at the five India Government Mints at Mumbai, Alipore(Kolkata), Saifabad(Hyderabad), Cherlapally (Hyderabad) and NOIDA (UP).[24] The coins are issued for circulation only through the Reserve Bank in terms of the RBI Act. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€-\r\nSecurity features[edit source | editbeta]\r\nThe main security features of current banknotes are:\r\n* Watermark †White side embellish of notes has Mahatma Gandhi watermar k. * Security thread †All notes have a silver or fountain security band with inscriptions (visible when held against light) of Bharat in Hindi and â€Å"RBI” in English. * Latent image †On notes of denominations of ₹20 and upward, a vertical band on the right side of the Mahatma Gandhi’s portrait contains a possible image showing the respective denominational value numerally (visible only when the note is held horizontally at eye level). * Microlettering †Numeral denominational value is visible under magnifying glass over between security thread and potential image. * Intaglio †On notes with denominations of ₹5 and upwards the portrait of Mahatma Gandhi, the Reserve Bank seal, warrantee and promise clause, Ashoka Pillar Emblem on the left and the RBI Governor’s signature are printed in intaglio printing (raised print). * Identification mark †On the left of the watermark window, different shapes are printed for various denominations ₹20: vertical rectangle, ₹50: square, ₹100: triangle, ₹500: circle, ₹1,000: diamond). This also helps the visually damage to identify the denomination. * Fluorescence †Number panels glow under ultraviolet light. * Optically variable ink †Notes of ₹500 and ₹1,000 denominations have their numerals printed in optically variable ink. The number appears green when the note is held flat, but changes to blue when viewed at an angle. * see through register †Floral designs printed on the front and the back of the note coincide and abruptly overlap each other when viewed against light. * EURion shape †A pattern of symbols found on the banknote helps software detect the armorial bearing of a banknote in a digital image, preventing its reproduction with devices such as colour photocopiers. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€-\r\nConvertibility[edit source | editbeta]\r\ nMost cunningd currencies by value\r\nCurrency distribution of globose foreign exchange market turnover[25][26]| post| Currency| ISO 4217 code\r\n(Symbol)| % daily overlap\r\n(April 2010)|\r\n1|  United States dollar| USD ($)| 84.9%|\r\n2|  Euro| EUR (€)| 39.1%|\r\n3|  Japanese yen| JPY (Â¥)| 19.0%|\r\n4|  Pound sterling| GBP (£)| 12.9%|\r\n5|  Australian dollar| AUD ($)| 7.6%|\r\n6|  Swiss franc| CHF (Fr)| 6.4%|\r\n7|  Canadian dollar| CAD ($)| 5.3%|\r\n8|  Hong Kong dollar| HKD ($)| 2.4%|\r\n9|  Swedish krona| SEK (kr)| 2.2%|\r\n10|  New Zealand dollar| NZD ($)| 1.6%|\r\n11|  capital of Singapore dollar| SGD ($)| 1.5%|\r\n12|  South Korean won| KRW (â‚©)| 1.5%|\r\n13|  Norwegian krone| NOK (kr)| 1.3%|\r\n14|  Mexican peso| MXN ($)| 1.3%|\r\n15|  Indian rupee| INR ()| 0.9%|\r\nOther| 12.2%|\r\nTotal[27]| 200%|\r\nOfficially, the Indian rupee has a market-deter mined exchange rate. However, the RBI trades actively in the USD/INR currency market to impact in force(p) exchange rates. Thus, the currency regime in place for the Indian rupee with respect to the US dollaris a de facto controlled exchange rate. This is sometimes called a â€Å"managed float”. Other rates (such as the EUR/INR and INR/JPY) have the volatility common of floating exchange rates, and often fix persistant arbitrage opportunities against the RBI.[28] Unlike China, successive administrations (through RBI, the central bank) have not followed a constitution of pegging the INR to a specific foreign currency at a particular exchange rate.\r\nRBI intervention in currency markets is solely to ensure low volatility in exchange rates, and not to influence the rate (or direction) of the Indian rupee in relation to other currencies.[29] Also affect convertibility is a series of customs regulations curtail the import and export of rupees. Legally, foreign nationals a re forbidden from importing or exportation rupees; Indian nationals can import and export only up to ₹7,500 at a time, and the possession of ₹500 and ₹1,000 rupee notes in Nepal is prohibited [30][31] RBI also exercises a system of capital controls in add-on to intervention (through active trading) in currency markets. On the current government note, there are no currency-conversion restrictions hindering buying or selling foreign exchange (although trade barriers exist). On the capital account, foreign institutional investors have convertibility to bring money into and out of the country and buy securities (subject to quantitative restrictions). local anaesthetic firms are able to take capital out of the country in order to expand globally. However, local households are curb in their ability to diversify globally. Because of the elaborateness of the current and capital accounts, India is increasingly base towards full de facto convertibility.\r\nThere is some disorderliness regarding the interchange of the currency with gold, but the system that India follows is that money cannot be exchanged for gold under any circumstances callable to gold’s lack of liquidness;[citation needed] therefore, money cannot be changed into gold by the RBI. India follows the same principle as ample Britain and the U.S. Reserve Bank of India clarifies its position regarding the promissory clause printed on each banknote: â€Å"As per Section 26 of Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, the Bank is liable to pay the value of banknote. This is payable on need by RBI, being the issuer. The Bank’s obligation to pay the value of banknote does not arise out of a contract but out of statutory provisions.The promissory clause printed on the banknotes i.e., â€Å"I promise to pay the bearer an amount of X” is a statement which means that the banknote is a legal tender for X amount. The obligation on the part of the Bank is to exchange a banknote f or coins of an equivalent amount.” [32] Chronology[edit source | editbeta]\r\n* 1991 †India began to lift restrictions on its currency. A number of reforms remove restrictions on current account transactions (including trade, cheer payments and remittances and some capital asset-based transactions). Liberalised Exchange send Management System (LERMS) (a dual-exchange-rate system) introduced partial convertibility of the rupee in March 1992.[33] * 1997 †A panel (set up to explore capital account convertibility) recommended that India move towards full convertibility by 2000, but the timetable was abandoned in the wake of the 1997â€1998East Asiatic financial crisis. * 2006 †Prime Minister Manmohan Singh asked the pay Minister and the Reserve Bank of India to get a road map for moving towards capital account convertibility.[34] â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€-\r\nExchange rates[edit source | editbeta]\r\nHis toric exchange rates[edit source | editbeta]\r\n chart of exchange rates of Indian rupee (INR) per 1 USD, 1 GBP, 1 EUR, 100 JPY averaged over the month, from September 1998 to May 2013. selective information source: Reserve Bank of India honorable mention rate For almost a century since the Great Recoinage of 1816 until the outbreak of World War I, the Indian Rupee sustained parity with the US Dollar while pegged to the Pound Sterling that was exchanged at 4.80 (or 50 old pence per Rupee). Thereafter, both the Rupee and the Sterling gradually declined in worth against the US Dollar due to deficits in trade, capital and budget. In 1966, the Rupee was devalued and pegged to the US Dollar. The peg to the pound was at INR 13.33 to a Pound which itself was pegged to USD 4.03. That means officially speech the USD to INR rate would be closer to Rs 4. In 1966, India changed the peg to dollar at INR 7.50.[35] Indian rupees per currency unit averaged over the year[36]| Currency| code| 1996| 2000| 2004| 2006| 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2013| U.S. dollar| USD| 35.444| 44.2| 45.340| 43.954| 39.5| 48.76112| 45.3354| 58| 68.80| Canadian dollar| CAD| 26.002| 30.283| 34.914| 41.098| 42.92026| 44.5915| 52.1706| | | Euro*| EUR| 44.401| 41.525| 56.385| 64.127| 68.03312| 60.5973| 65.6987| | | Pound sterling| GBP| 55.389| 68.119| 83.064| 80.633| 76.38023| 71.3313| 83.6329| | | Swiss franc| CHF| 28| | | | | | | | 50|\r\nSingapore dollar| SGD| 25.160| 26.07| 26.830| 30.932| 33.60388| 34.5127| 41.2737| | | *before 1 Jan 1999, European Currency Unit,|\r\nBanknotes and coins in circulation[edit source | editbeta] As of 2012 banknotes of the denominations of ₹5, ₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹100, ₹500 and ₹1000 are in circulation; coins with face-value of 50 paisa, ₹1, ₹2, ₹5 and ₹10 rupees. This is excluding the commemorative coins minted for special occasions.\r\n'

'Agency Report on Human Services Agency Essay\r'

'I chose to write a report about the YWCA lunge County, laid on 405 Broadway St, Tacoma Washington. The YWCA or Young Women’s Christian Association is whizz(a) of the oldest and largest women’s disposal in the nation, serving oer 2 jillion women, and their families at such(prenominal) than 1,300 locations across the United States. The original Christian perspective is still strong in m some(prenominal) of the national associations, but several(prenominal) ca-ca transferd their focus to be more(prenominal) of a kindly and partici sleekion found platform. The YWCA perforate County is a conjunction attraction and forerunner in interior(prenominal) suspensor frenzy for oer a century now. conventional in 1906, the YWCA is has steadily expanded and raise a countrywide menu of interior(prenominal) personnel service provision, offering clients satisfying tools to implement change in their throw lives. Their mission statement is to transform lives by dint of safe, meliorate and empowerment. This is an organization that is dedicated to eliminating racial discrimination and empowering women. The YWCA throw County’s vision is to create a safe, fair(a) and equi control board society and they do this by means of education and outreach by promoting peace, justice, freedom and dignity for clients from all races and walks of life. Their statewide Domestic abandon function that senior high schoollights discussion and pr chargetion includes 24 bit una invalidate openness c be (intervention hot c equal to(p)s lengths), free court-ordered rick (with protection orders, as advantageously as otherwise criminal and civil law), immigration and safety planning, p benting plans, emergency shelter, transitional ho development, nerve concern, therapeutic service, advocacy, support groups, food, clothing and diapers, transportation, teenage dating violence prevention, full informative operate and more. in that location is more than(prenominal) a enormous concern with the problem of domestic violence within the society as a whole.\r\nThe legal definition for domestic violence as defined by the RCW 10.99 (Revised Code of Washington) is ‘crimes committed by one family part or household member against another.’ hither argon the grim statistics: single in 4 women provide grow DV during her life beat. Women experience more than 4 million physical assaults and rapes because of their colleagues, and men argon victims of tight 3 million physical assaults. Women atomic number 18 more likely to be killed by an intimate partner than men. Women ages 20 to 24 ar at greatest adventure of becoming victims of domestic violence. E rattling year, 1 in 3 women who is a victim of homicide is murdered by her current or former partner. The domestic violence tie in offenses marks for perforate County and Tacoma be among the highest in the State. More troubling is the fact that the rate of DV fatalities in Pierce County far exceeds similar counties, and it is estimated that around 10, 000 households are affected by domestic violence in any given year. The definition of a DV fatality refers to a death that arises from an misuser’s efforts to assert power and control over an intimate partner. These include all homicides in which the victim was a former or current partner of the psyche account up to(p) for the homicide(s) of people other than the intimate partner that passred in the context of intimate person violence or in the thick of a per duckyrator’s exertion to kill an intimate partner.\r\nThe YWCA, Pierce County serves a diverse client universe. In the 2012-2013 one-year report, the YWCA, Pierce County reported seduceing with over 6,000 plus clients in some potentiality and experiencing 5,473 crisis hotline cry (out)s. Providers reported from these calls, there is greater histrionics of clients from populations of color with the highest anatomys from the African American and Hispanic communities. Additionally, the YWCA states that a higher subjugate of clients in any given DV associate computer programme (e.g. prevention, shelter residents, etc.) are non-Caucasian. On average, clients from minority groups stomach limited blank space proficiency and some are unregistered indivi doubles and for a few programs working in the Hispanic communities, the majority of these clients fit these characteristics. rough set asiders report a growing deem in different populations. A number of providers state that there is an increase in the number of Latina clients served, as well as individuals with language barriers. there is in any display case an version of the emergence of newer ethnic populations such as Middle Eastern and East African individuals in the client population.\r\nSpecific programs address to the woods to work with some specific segments of the population. For example, the Korean Women ’s Association tends to work with a high proportion of Asian Women such as Korean, Vietnamese and Cambodian clients, temporary hookup organizations such as Tacoma alliance dwelling and Centro Latino plough with a big Hispanic population. On average, it is reported that The YWCA Pierce County too has a percentage of clients from military families. The YWCA has partnered with JBLM (Joint base Lewis-McCord) to provide helper to reach the call for for our military both on and off base. The YWCA, Pierce County is the first organization in the county and state to also provide services that include the LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans sex activity and queer/ questioning) lodge. At the YWCA, no client is ever move away. If the YWCA is un adapted to provide a client with a service that may be required, the organization give do their real ruff to provide referrals to expose encounter the inescapably of the client or individual who is calling in. Below is a table that illustrates the services provided and the demographics of clients that are served. This data is derived from the 2012-13 yearbook Report.\r\nBeginning in 2010, the YWCA Pierce County offered shelter that included private kitchens and restrooms to clients and their children. The shelter also begin to accept male clients in 2012.The shelter caters to safety, privacy, dignity and basic inevitably of clients for no more than 90 days. During this duration in shelter, clients are able to engage individual case management, way and education, children’s services, support groups and a 24 hour on-site advocacy. Having a shelter that addresses such comprehensive needs enable clients to sort a foundation for lives that are void of violence. What sets the YWCA shelters apart from approximately communal ones is that the Indi dual apartments provide clients and their children private areas to heal, reflect and grow. Because of their pet friendly policy, the YWCA pierce County is also one of the few shelters in the country that is accept by the American Humane Association.\r\nThe 24-hour Crisis Hotline offers clients the might to safety plan. Loved ones and friends who may be concerned for DV victims and are looking for solutions will also be provided with resources to help. Following initial screening and paperwork, the individual meets immediately with a trained advocate, who performs a needs estimate to determine which services the clients require and need. function are client driven, which means barely what the individual indicates that they are interested in. The most common immediate needs are (1) applying for protection orders and (2) shelter/housing. Subsequently, a needs and danger assessment are performed during the quantify that the individual is receiving services. It is imperative to understand a little about the trajectory of services that clients seek from the YWCA. Clients may be referred from a variety of sources (i.e. law enforcement , friends, family, online searches, medical offices, affable health or substance abuse counselors, court referrals, CPS, etc.).\r\nThe YWCA Pierce County resource piazza offers society members drop-in, crisis intervention that is based on site as well as referral services. Clients who call-in or walk in are able to receive assistance with referrals to programs that are available at the YWCA as well as other community resources. Clients who are victims of domestic violence are able to call the business line for free legal copy and/or advocacy. Women and their children who are seeking safety and presumption are given free assistance with protection orders, dissolution of marriage, parenting plans, child support, manacles issues, parentage action, immigration and safety planning. There is also full interpretive services available to non-speakers of the English Language. Another famed exception about the YWCA, is besides legal advocates, this organization has a dedicated cater a ttorney available to provide representation in civil matters.\r\nThe YWCA provides individual counseling to both adult clients and their children. This service is also make available to shelter resident, clients fighting(a) in other YWCA DV programs, as well as the general community. Weekly facilitated groups are offered to provide a means of healing and therapy for clients who are wanting to deal and pound the abuse and trauma they dumbfound experienced. Participants are educated about the dynamics of firm relationships and how to develop and rebuild self-esteem. Support groups occur at the same time as children’s groups to prevent child misgiving issues to find a possible barrier.\r\nSince relocating and expanding the shelter in 2010, the YWCA serves children throughout Pierce Country, rather than just clients from the shelter. The Children’s program equips children with tools to promote reasoned relationships. Children receive food, clothing, group therapy an d are taught safety planning. They are also able to accede in special events and field trips and these rich based activities are planned specifically according to the different age groups. YWCA’S purpose here is to assist children who have been subjected to violence and trauma to be able to develop healthy minds and bodies and give them a chance at a abiding childhood which would transition into adulthood.\r\nWhen clients and their children escape ruby and abusive relationships, the biggest issues and complications faced are sharp homelessness. Family Permanency Project accommodate is a long term housing program that offers families affordable housing while be supported by individual case management. Client who participate in this program are able to set and work towards goals that are specific to their individual family needs.\r\nIt is estimated that violence occurs in 1 out of 5 teen relationships. The Teen Dating military group Prevention curriculum aims to educate high school and middle school young about the issues of power and control that could threesome to abuse in relationships. The curriculum that is provided in schools around Pierce County educates youth on warning signs, safety tips and available community resources for participants.\r\nThe YWCA, like most non-profit organizations derives its effectiveness through a large number of community volunteers that serve clients in a non-finite of ways. These individuals who give of their resources (time, donations, money, and talent) are percentage to change lives through their selfless giving. The organization partners with other agencies to provide a more comprehensive level of service to meet the needs of clients. Some of their community partners include the Tacoma Community House, Korean Women’s Association, United Way, crystal Judson Family Center, Joint Base Lewis McChord, Exodus Housing and Sexual Assault Center of Pierce County, among others. There is a variety of pagan competence needed to serve a diverse population of clients that either call or walk in to the YWCA.\r\nBecause these individuals are coming from different cultural backgrounds, they may face economic struggles, have gender identity struggles and issues, are dealing with discrimination, render and trauma, or any other issues from the spectrum of gracious services conditions, the daily use of using culturally centered communication skills are critical to making effective fundamental interaction and assistance possible. Cultural minded helpers in any given situation will attend to the demeanor and other aspects of culture, including stipendiary close attention to their own oral and non- and verbal communication and being very(prenominal) sensitive to the needs of the clients that they interact with.\r\nThere are clear challenges that emerge in working with clients who have difficulty mouth and understanding English, particularly in helping these individuals navigate the legal sy stem and acquire them connected to appropriate support resources. term some mental representation advocates can help with basic translation/interpretation concerns for victims in need, many comment on the supererogatory complexity of working with these individuals, even when they divvy up the same language. There is also the doctrine among providers of the need to address these barriers even at the broader community level. unmatched sentiment is that the work with non- English English speaking client, even with an interpreter present can take more time and it is more intensive. Here it is very in-chief(postnominal) to proceed through a series of steps with these individuals by being patient, non-judgmental, building trust and reverberance with those from different cultural backgrounds and ethnicities. Another ain competency that should be addressed is the susceptibility to manage your own own(prenominal) biases especially in dealing with clients who may have a completely different belief, lifestyle or sexual orientation. Because the YWCA caters to the LGBTQ community, it is very important to be particularly sensitive to this community who have experienced a great deal of discrimination, prejudices and even violent crimes because of their orientation.\r\nFor the pat week, I was fortunate to be able to attend the spring 2014 Domestic Violence Victims Services Training at the YWCA, Pierce Country. This training enabled me to get a better perspective on the domestic violence issues that is plaguing the community. I learned so much about professionalism, communication, cultural competencies, and the needs of clients as well as the organization as a whole. I was deeply impressed. One of the things that really hit me was that the Programs at the YWCA have been specifically catered to be culturally fit because of such a diverse population of clients that come through their doors every day. The mental faculty there truly seem to care about the clients tha t they interact with. They take their loading to ending domestic violence and empowering clients very seriously.\r\nThe YWCA does not practice the hierarchical management system. The CEO is very caring and interacts with the module at a very personal level. This is a dynamic group of professionals and individuals who are dedicated, possess a lot of empathy, they are conscientious, genuine and have a interactive energy. Because most agencies will experience trim back out at one time or another, it is very important to practice good self-care. The YWCA Pierce Country has a work culture within their agency that emphasizes the importance of self-care, well-being that trranslagtes positively to how they interact and take care of their clients.\r\nAs I mentioned, I learned so much and developed a great deal of respect for the Director and Education music director who presented some of the classes and training material. The training tutor who is also in charge of community outreach wa s such an inspiration to me. She has taught me that if you do not have a deeper understanding of the barriers that clients are facing, then you are not able to meet their needs in the best way possible. She goes on to say that we cannot go out into the community to provide services or training in social justice if we are not able to first examine our own motives, beliefs and biases that outlive within ourselves. I hope to be able to complete my internship at the YWCA, Pierce County and perhaps accept a position in the future with this wonderful organization. I believe they have a made a deep and positive repair on my life.\r\n'