Larry Page

————————————————- Decoding Larry Page Leadership style This paper analyses the different behaviors that define Google’s co-founder and CEO leadership and management traits and style. ————————————————- Decoding Larry Page Leadership style This paper analyses the different behaviors that define Google’s co-founder and CEO leadership and management traits and style. Aymee Flores 339707 March 8th, 2011 Aymee Flores 339707 March 8th, 2011Contents Biography2 Decoding Larry Page Leadership Style4 How Larry Page’s Leadership Styles relate to my mine9 Conclusion10 Works Cited11 Biography Lawrence â€Å"Larry: page was born march 26, 1993 in East Lancing, Michigan. He was born into a family of computer experts. His father was a pioneer in artificial in telligence and computer science and is mother a computer programing teacher. He grew up in a house where technology was the norm, computers parts and Popular Mechanics magazines where everywhere.His older brother taught him from early on how to disarm artifacts in order to find out how they worked, this fueled his knowledge and motivation greatly to begin inventing, he once built a working inkjet printer out of LEGOS, at age twelve Page already knew he was going to have a company eventually. Page was first attended the University of Michigan for a bachelor’s degree in Engineering and then decided to pursue a master’s degree in computer science at the Stanford University, here is where he met Sergey Brin and started the project that would change his life forever.The idea began while searching a dissertation theme about exploring the mathematical properties of the World Wide Web. According to John Battelle, founder of â€Å"Wired† magazine page assumed that web li nks where just citations so his project named â€Å"Backrub† was about classifying and counting all the backlinks of the World Wide Web and according to Page it would make it a more valuable place. At the beginning of â€Å"Backrub† the World Wide Web could be sought as a giant book without an index, so the goal of the project was to gather data and index it using what is called a web crawler, a bot programmed to perform this specific task.Then Page and Brin created their first product called â€Å"Pagerank† which was an algorithm that assigned numerical weighting to the hyperlinks already indexed by the web crawler and measure its importance, from here he created a search engine that was far more effective than the ones that already existed. This new Google search engine made its first debut at the Stanford University webpage in 1996. Together with is partner Brin in 1998 he founded Google Inc. at the time he hired Eric Schmidt as a CEO.The company’s mis sion was â€Å"To organize the World’s Information and to make it universally useful and accessible. † In 2006 the company was already made public and had its main quarter in Mountain view, California. Google Inc. grew very quickly and began to add more products and services such as email, advertising services, location services, productivity software and photo editing software and much more other breakthrough and innovative services and products just as the Android mobile operating system and Google Chrome Browser. Today Google. om is listed as the internet most visited website in the U. S according to Alexa Traffic Rank. And many of its famous brands are in the top hundred most visited sites such as YouTube and Blogger. According to an article by the social media online magazine Mashable, Google reported earnings of 50 billion dollars in January 2013 and is still expanding. Decoding Larry Page Leadership Style Because of his decision of hiring Eric Schmidt as CEO bac k in 2001 Larry Page was often cataloged as an introvert leader and when he took back the title of CEO in 2011 he didn’t hold any big meetings, interviews.What matters the most to Page is innovating this can be appreciated by the fact that he spends $1 billion on patents to help the company grow, this was sought to emulate Steve Job’s leadership but the truth is that this is most likely shaped by his engineering background. According to an article by CNN Money he still remains an enigma and his leadership style can be appreciated during commencement speeches and talks to coworkers and Google executives.During these talks he focuses about the future, as stated before Page is all about innovations and he firmly believes that by tackling audacious ideas that can eventually change the world would attract incredibly smart people that can achieve something worthwhile as he expressed at the Google Faculty Summit in 2009. Page’s supportive leadership style can be proved by his proficiency at building networks and expertise building and leading teams. He insisted on being very closely involved in the hiring process at Google always looking for university graduates to join the company.It is widely known that he dislikes the traditional bureaucracy and management styles and is always cutting or reassigning middle management positions. This can be seen by the company’s reorganization tendencies. While studying the company’s website it can be seen that all the description and pertinent information is compressed to no more than one paragraph, this is because Page encourages faster and concise decision making. According to wall Street Journal he would ask managers to e-mail him updates of their projects in 60 words or less.Also he encouraged them to have a session in the afternoon where top executives had to work on a public area of the building in order to make them more accessible to employees and facilitate communication among each other . This shows very strong supportive and participative leadership styles. Because the company is not organized with the typical management styles and is more focused on projects a team environment is the rule here which encourages involvement of followers in every aspect of decision making processes.Although he involves the team when it comes to decision making within a project he displays directive leadership traits when it comes to organizing the company. According to Google board member Mr. Ram Shriram he has a very clear idea of how the company should be organize therefore he personally picked the people that could run large areas of the company and set their objectives. Page would set very clear-short term and long-term goals for his managers. After further research it is very clear that Larry Page’s strongest leadership styles are participative and supportive.According to an interview by The Fortune magazine the wellbeing and lifestyle of the company’s employees i s top priority to him as he says â€Å"My job as a leader is to make sure everybody in the company has great opportunities, and that they feel they're having a meaningful impact and are contributing to the good of society. † Google is known for its innovative work space that are far from looking like a typical office, he feels that the company is like a family and therefore he treats them like one.This has boosted employee satisfaction, productivity and even improved their health to the point that their healthcare costs grow less compared to other companies. As stated before Page is regarded as an introvert, which might contradict the traditional believe that a leader should be outgoing and charismatic in order to be successful but the fact that he is an introvert supplies him with other set of traits and skills that make him successful and ultimately explain his supportive and participative tendencies.Traits that characterize introverts are that they are very good at listeni ng; therefore they are not going to dominate a social situation which will allow them to hear about other people’s innovative ideas. This will also explain Page’s tendency to want to attract people qualified as intelligent. A person that has an engineering and technologic mindset would rather hear from a smart person than a charismatic one. In addition Page has a strong directive approach when it comes to setting the company’s main goals but he is willing to let his followers choose their path to reach those goals.Nevertheless Larry Page has been a CEO for a relatively short amount of time so there is still a lot to see from this leader. During his short time as a CEO he has definitely demonstrated strong organizational skills and has brought back cohesion and focus as well as decisiveness to a company that was becoming scattered within is many diverse projects. Larry Page’s Leadership Style Applied to Hospitality Industry Google’s innovative appro ach can bring great success for someone working in the hospitality industry.The hospitality environment is all about communication and team work, this is a people’s business therefore it is imperative to have a supportive approach when leading followers. There are many levels or work in this industry that range from skilled labor to management and business work. Page’s supportive approach can be very beneficial for hotel managers because they are leading people that come from all sorts of backgrounds, by providing an environment where the employees feel comforted and supported by their company it will increase employee’s satisfaction and productivity at their workplace.For example a manager can display this kind of behavior if a front desk employee becomes frustrated with a hard situation involving a difficult guest or is having some kind of hardship in their personal life a manager can encourage communication with the employee and provide an understanding attit ude as well as build a better relationship with the employee that will allow that employee to feel comfortable within his workplace augmenting their feelings of empowerment and therefore excelling at their duties.The hospitality industry environment requires critical thinking skills, our industries workspaces are the same but a day and a situation is never the same, a hospitality employee have knew experiences and new interactions everyday with customers. Participative behavior from managers is extremely important; a manager cannot be in every place at the same time. Every employee has different experience at the workplace due to the nature of the Hospitality industry, for example a front desk agent that does the A.M. shift has a completely different experience and needs than the one doing the P. M. shift. Therefore is necessary that the manager gathers input from his employees in order to improve the processes and procedures necessary to solve a particular problem or to improve the workplace experience. Delegatory leadership is also needed in the hospitality industry because it often involves critical decisions to be made from the followers that directly affect the customers.For example when at the front desk an employer needs to be empowered to make decisions and resolve certain type of problems that might rise like room changes or extra amenities to compensate for ant dissatisfactory experience a customer might have. How Larry Page’s Leadership Styles relate to my mine After analyzing Page’s leadership traits I found myself very related to his style. As a leader I see myself revolutionizing the workplace, giving a lot of importance to the way an employee is treated and feels after analyzing Page’s leadership traits I found myself very related to his style.As a leader I see myself revolutionizing the workplace, giving a lot of importance to the way an employee is treated and feels while doing his work. The challenges that might be found applying his style to the type of career I am doing would be overcoming an industry that is already established and has a bureaucratic management style, it would be a groundbreaking task to apply a more relaxed and creative work environment and involve the employees in the decisions of the company.I strongly believe that innovation and technology can be brought to this industry and can be encompassed with customer experience and this can be achieved if the bureaucratic lines in the current management styles can be blurred somewhat and projects that come from employees ideas instead of only owners of stake holders of a company would take place. Page’s management does not think about money being spent, this is the same vision I have for the hospitality industry.In order to revolutionize the industry and the customer’s experience whether it is by creating new amenities at the already existing facilities or creating new futuristic lodging concepts can only be achieved if t he mindset of making business for money can be put as a second priority. Conclusion My research about Larry Page’s leadership style has been very moving and eye opening. I strongly believe that this should be the management style of the future because he was able to prove that the old bureaucratic style is not necessary in order to make company thrive.The world is constantly changing and therefore the structure of our companies need to change as well and become more proficient and team based in order to reach our full potential as well as innovating and creating new concepts that can be easily achieved by participative leadership and groundbreaking projects. Works Cited Larry Page Ties Employee Pay to Google's Social Performance, Leslie Horn, PC Magazine Online, April 8, 2011Is Google's Larry Page already turning out to be a truly great CEO? Google focus on its core business)(Google shutdown of Google Labs, Aardvark, Slide, Fast Flip ), Dumenco, Simon, :  Advertising Age, S ept 26, 2011, Vol. 82(34), p. 0020New Stage, New Skills. (Business/Financial Desk)(Google Inc. ‘s Larry Page), Miller, Claire Cain, The New York Times, Jan 22, 2011, p. B1(L) Media Entrepreneurs of the Decade: Larry Page & Serge Brin, Google. (BEST OF THE DECADE), Shields, Mike, Brandweek, Dec 14, 2009, Vol. 50(44), p. 20(1)Larry Page CEO OF the Year. Greg Sterling. Search Engine Land. Jan 2, 2012Larry Page and Google: Individual Empowerment Requires Forceful Leadership, Tweak your Biz, Article.June 12, 2012At Google, Page Aims to Clear Red Tape, The Wall Street Journal, Amir Efrati. March 26 2011Introverted Leaders: Three Reasons Larry Page Will Succeed as Google CEO, The power of Introverts, Susan Cain. Blog. Jan 24, 2011. Chief seeks more agile Google; as CEO, Larry Page must pierce bureaucracy, compete with nimble upstarts. (Company overview), Efrati, Amir ; Morrison, Scott, The Wall Street Journal Eastern Edition, Jan 22, 2011, Vol. 0(0), p. B1(1)| | | | For Google CEO La rry Page, a difficult premiere role. (Company overview), Efrati Amir, The Wall Street Journal Eastern Edition, August 30, 2011, Vol. 0(0), p. B1(1)|

Ordering System

AUTOMATED ORDERING SYSTEM USING ANDROID APPLICATION WITH BILLING AND INVENTORY SYSTEMS IN A RESTAURANT A Title Defense Presented to The Faculty of Institute of Information and Communications Technology West Visayas State University La Paz, Iloilo City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Introduction to Research in IICT Ruth Adorable Ma. Rosevelle Cainglet Kristine Genogaling Kasandra Leah Jayne Paniza Mary Joy Petrola Abstract This study focuses on developing an Automated Ordering System using Android Application with Billing and Inventory Systems in a Restaurant.The main goal of the study is to shorten the time taken during the instance a customer orders. Also, this study wants to track the inventory in an easier and convenient way. The billing system will assist in calculating the total earnings of the restaurant for a day, week and month. The study is expected to optimize Android Application using tablets. It describes the main features of Android for a better understan ding of this platform. Java Script was the programming language development technology used in building the system. The system allows the customer to order a menu without calling any of the service crew.The customer can simply select the food to be ordered from the given menu through a tablet that is provided in every table which is embedded with an android application. The billing system is associated with the two other systems, which records the total bills of the customers. In paying the bill, the customer can do it in two ways either it can be cash or credit. The records for the supply goods and the sold products are documented in the inventory system. Every tablet has a unique code where the server can identify if what table the order is coming from.The tablet is linked to the counter and also to the server that is located in the kitchen. To sum it up, the three systems are interrelated to help the restaurant in attaining their goals and objectives. Chapter 1 Chapter 1 is compo sed of six different parts to be discussed namely: (1) Background of the Study, (2) Overview of Related Systems, (3) Objectives of the Study, (4) Significance of the Study, (5) Definition of Terms, (6) Delimitation of the Study. Part One, Background of the Study, discusses the rationale for choosing the problem.Part Two, Overview of the Related Systems, explains the features, capabilities, and limitations of the related system. Part Three, Objectives of the Study, states the goals that the study needed to accomplish. Part Four, Significance of the Study, enumerates the importance of the study and its beneficiaries. Part Five, Definition of Terms, conceptually and operationally defines important terms used in the study. Part Six, Delimitation of the Study, sets the ranges that are included in the study, as well as the boundaries and scope affected by the proposed system. Background of the StudyNowadays most of the restaurants are having big problems regarding with their old ordering process. The basic problem in the food service industry is that restaurant is not realizing efficiencies that would result from better applications of technology in their daily operations. After analysing the said situation we’ve come up to a proposal that can help these problems of restaurants. This system that we’ve come up can let the costumers order through simply choosing the menus that they like through a tablet that is in their tables. This tablet has an installed android OS with android applications.This system can give a lot of benefits. With the new open and comprehensive platform for tablet device called android operating systems and android applications, we come up to extend to proposed automated ordering, inventory and billing system using android application in a restaurant. With this kind of systems, the management can provide immediate help for the customers. Customers won’t bother about their tables while they are ordering because in every table there is one tablet embedded with android applications. Overview of Related Literature Objectives of the StudyThis study aims to determine the objectives of Automated Ordering System Using Android Application with Billing and Inventory System in a Restaurant. 1. To develop an automated ordering, inventory and billing system using android application. 2. To develop an ordering system that allows customer’s entry of orders to be forwarded immediately to the kitchen. 3. To create an inventory system to record the purchased and the consumed supply of products. 4. To develop an inventory system that records the supply goods and the sold products of the restaurant. 5. To design a friendly-user interface system. Significance of the StudyThis study will be a significant endeavor in promoting Automated Ordering System Using Android Application in a Restaurant. In this study the costumers can also gain knowledge on how to use an automated ordering system using android application. Thi s study will also help the personnel’s to lessen the human work. Restaurant owner will likewise benefit the study. He can monitor the daily, weekly and monthly income of the establishment. Through the inventory and tally of the supplies per transactions, the proprietor easily forecast on what and how many of the said supply will be ordered and delivered.Moreover, this study will serve as a future reference for researchers on the field on Information Technology and Management. This kind of project will enhance their knowledge and skills in programming. And importantly, this research will educate clients in deciding on whether or not a food business should automate and utilize an ecommerce in advancing their business. Definition and Terms For the purpose and understanding, the following terms were given their meanings: Automated is to turn a set of manual steps into an electronic operation that runs on its own.It may also refer to removing certain human interactions with the so ftware in an existing information system to make it operate from beginning to end without intervention. (http://www. thefreedictionary. com/ automated) In this study, Automated refers to the techniques in ordering in a fast food chains. Ordering is to give an authoritative direction or instruction to do something. In this study, Ordering refers to System is a group of interacting, interrelated, or Interdependent elements forming a complex whole. In this study, system refers to theAndroid is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. (http://developer. android. com/guide/basics/what-is-android. html) In this study, Android refers to the software that will be used in the system. An application is a program or group of programs designed for end users. In contrast, applications software (also called end-user programs) includes database programs, word processors, and spreadsheets. Figuratively speaking, applications software si ts on top of systems software because it is unable to run without the operating system and system utilities. (http://www. ebopedia. com/TERM/A/application. html) In this study, Application refers to a program designed for end users. Restaurant is defined as a business establishment where meals or refreshments may be purchased. (http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/restaurant) In this study, restaurant refers to where the system is deployed. Billing system is a combination of software and hardware that receives call detail and service usage information, groups this information for specific accounts or customers, produces invoices, creates reports for management, and records (posts) payments made to customer accounts. (http://www. billingdictionary. om/billing_dictionary_billing_system_definition. html)Authors: Mr. Avi Ofrane Mr. Lawrence Harte Copyright: 2006 In this study Billing refers to the record of the sales price from the customer. Tablets are a powerful tool for enhanc ing your productivity and online experience whether for business use, or life in general. Smaller than a laptop and bigger than a Smartphone, the tablet is perfect to take with you on the go. You can browse the internet, create and share presentations, videos conference with clients, stay connected with corporate email, download books, games and videos, watch movies, share photos and much more with your tablet. http://www. staplesadvantage. com/tablet/choosing-a-tablet-tablet-what-is-it. html) Copyright 2011 Staples, Inc. In this study Tablet refers to the device used by the costumer to order in the restaurant. Inventory are raw materials, work-in-process goods and completely finished goods that are considered to be the portion of a business's assets those are ready or will be ready for sale. (http://www. investopedia. com/terms/i/inventory. asp#ixz29lQePffp)2012, Investopedia US, A Division of ValueClick, Inc.In this study Inventory refers to the records of supply goods and the sol d products of the restaurant. Java Script A scripting language developed by Netscape to enable Web authors to design interactive sites. Although it shares many of the features and structures of the full Java language, it was developed independently. Javascript can interact with HTML source code, enabling Web authors to spice up their sites withdynamic content. JavaScript is endorsed by a number of software companies and is an open language that anyone can

Effects of personality on work performance and organization behaviour Essay

Effects of personality on work performance and organization behaviour - Essay Example Workforce diversity has increasingly become a major issue for an organization in the contemporary work environment. As observed by Mkonji & Sikalieh (2012), organizational performance has been therefore increasingly becoming highly dependent on behavioural patterns and personality of individuals; it is one of the important factors when gauging such dependent factors. Personality refers to the unique pattern of emotions, thoughts and behaviour exhibited by individuals. It is important that organizations understand different personalities and nurture them to perform towards a harmonized organization value or goals (Borman, 2004). The increasingly globalised and technologically enhanced operational environment has meant that today’s organizations have been pushed towards post-modernism. In effect, management has to be conscious of the different personalities within the organization so that performance is not negatively affected. This paper examines the extent to which personality of workers is likely to affect both performance and behaviour in today’s organizations. It looks at the negative and positive effects of different personality traits in relation to job performance. Different organizational behavioural theories will be used as the basis of discussions. The five factor model of different individual’s personality that includes extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness to experience will be mainly used in the discussions. This paper will also address the implications of the findings to management in today’s organizations. ... This approach where an individual’s personality is gauged on the way they react in certain situations is referred to as the interactionist perspective of viewing personalities. A violent worker, for instance, will be likely to react negatively to agitation by other workers or interruptions in the systems. However, this might vary due to the implications of his actions or the consequences. In such cases, the personality of the individual may be restrained to the benefit of the organization even though it may not fully guarantee performance. Consequently, personality may, in turn, be influenced by several factors that may include job demands and social norms (Funharm, 2008). Whereas job demands are those duties or tasks assigned to particular jobs, social norms refer to the pressures that come with an individual’s association or otherwise to certain groups that may include organizational culture. Generally, these factors are classified as either facilitators or constraint s. On one hand, the facilitators are those that encourage an individual to behave in a certain way whereas the constraints discourage individuals from certain behaviours. This is therefore an important aspect of personality influence on organizational behaviour and work performance. An organization with a standard personality that is likely to encourage faster execution of tasks and fewer interruptions is likely to record performance. On the other hand, an organization with conflicting personality types that have no bearing on each other will likely be faced with difficulties in ensuring good performance. This is because it is likely to have both non performers and good performers in the same set up who cannot guide each other to success. While there are factors that influence an

Oracle Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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A critical, cross-cultural Evaluation of a Journal - Essay Example Pitfalls through misunderstandings or misinterpretation of intent can easily lead to the collapse of a potentially successful business partnership or cooperation – the article by Moon and Woolliams looks at how these cultural differences may be interpreted and what approach to take when working with people from different cultural backgrounds. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner compiled a database with 50,000 cases from 100 different countries to investigate the cultural differences in work ethics around the world and to assist managers in solving conflicts in cross-cultural business scenarios (1993 and 1998). The database was extended in 1999 in order to investigate and help solve problems arising from cross cultural misunderstandings. One of the objectives of the database was to formulate a global theory for international business ethics but the compiled data and scenarios question whether that would be a possible achievement or whether it would even be a desirable outcome, given the vast differences in business ethics in different cultures. For the purpose of their study Trompenaars and Woolliams selected 40,000 cases from 60 different countries and presented a questionnaire with 58 questions to managers with exposure to multi cultural scenarios at their workplace. The researchers took great care to ensure that translation of texts conveyed the same meaning in all languages used in the research and ensured that participants understood that the research was independent and that anonymity was guaranteed to all participants to promote frank and open answers to all scenarios. The reliability of the data results was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha test (a test developed to estimate the consistency reliability of psychometric tests). It became clear that responses varied depending on the cultural background of the participants. Answers varied in particular where they were given in response to

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Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

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The personal selling process Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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An introduction into the importance and nature of gastronomic events Essay

An introduction into the importance and nature of gastronomic events (Afternoon tea) - Essay Example ion during the period of 1840 and was introduced with the propose of escalating the feel of hunger for a meal that takes place during evening session, especially around the time of 8pm (handpickedhotels.co.uk, 2014). Afternoon tea comprises of various food items such as cakes, sugary pastries, patties along with a cup of tea. This gastronomic event was first practiced as a portion of a socializing event that used to be private in nature and used to be practiced by the female populations of Britain and these females mostly represented the upper class of the society. Later this event was awarded with the status of being a formal occasion as the practice of afternoon tea was exercised by Queen Victoria and the event was recognized as tea receptions. Tea receptions are events that comprise of around 200 guests that visit a home where the event is held during evening hours and these visitors are allowed to be a part of the event whenever they wish to during evening hours. Afternoon Tea Parties in East Sussex. (n.d.). Afternoon Tea venue in East Sussex at Buxted Park Hotel. Retrieved February 15, 2014, from

The stages in some types of storms (hurricane) Essay Example for Free

The stages in some types of storms (hurricane) Essay A hurricane is a wheather system that is usually described as a funnel of warm wet air, when warm moist air rises and encounter with the cooler air, it causes the warm water vapor to condense and form rain drops and dark clouds. Most hurricanes that occur in the Atlantic develops off the west coast of Africa. Hurricanes begins as thunderstorms which moves out over the warm tropical ocean water. There are three stages in forming a hurricane, tropical depression stage, the tropical storm stage and finally the hurricane. The first stage is called the tropical depression. In this stage an organized yet sustained thunderstorm with swirling clouds, rain, and wind speed of less than 38 miles per hour (mph). Sustained winds are normally classified as winds that persist for at least one minute in duration. Then with wind speed of 39-73 mph it becomes a tropical storm and a name is given to it. Tropical storms may evlove into a hurricane. This is also where the eye and eye walls of the storm are being created. Tropical storms can cause server damages to property and human as well. Death may occur depending on the storms position. With winds up to 200 mph and up to 600 miles across, finally a hurricane has formed. Believe it or not, hurricanes does an important job, it moves the heat from warm climate to cooler temperature zone. It may also take from hours to days to form a hurricane.

Examine The Distinctions Between Theories Of International Relations Politics Essay

Examine The Distinctions Between Theories Of International Relations Politics Essay Critically examine the distinctions between explanatory and constitutive theories of international relations, illustrating your argument with insights from a variety of theoretical perspectives The distinction between explanatory and constitutive theory is a contested issue that has emerged as a result of the contemporary way of framing issues in International Relations. I will argue that this is an ambiguous and superficial distinction that when pressed to categorise theoretical concepts requires an oversimplification and carries a danger of negligence. I then offer an alternative categorisation; that put forward by Robert Cox ( 1981): problem-solving and critical theory. I conclude by arguing that the act of categorising in itself is highly problematic. Explanatory theory views the world as something external to our theories, indentifying a number of key factors and then predicting a range of outcomes on the basis of a few important causal factors. (Kurki Wight, 2007, p.28) In contrast, constitutive theory argues that our theories help construct our world and that we cannot separate subject and object as a causal relationship; but instead theory and practice are embedded. The epistemology of explanatory theory is positivist, arguing that we can have authentic value- free knowledge based upon sense experience and methodologically using empirical data to produce universal conditionals. (Baylis et al., 2008, p.177) Constitutive theory rejects this epistemological and methodological approach, arguing that human knowledge is not based on neutral foundations, but rather upon human conjectures. Instead, constitutive theory is concerned with the study of how norms, rules and ideas are constituted in social objects; preferring to study from a meta-theoretical perspective. (Kurki Wight, 2007, p.29) Realism, an orthodox theory, is regarded as a classic example of explanatory theory. (Kurki Wight, 2007, p.28) Realism claims that politics and society are governed by objective laws based upon a fixed conception of human nature. (Morgenthau, 1967) The Realist conception of human nature has its roots in the Hobbesian man; a creature of self-preservation, countless appetites and desires; when added to the anarchical state of nature the life of man is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. (Hobbes, 2008, p.84) This image of man is then extrapolated into the state and world order, giving Realism a rational outline that concludes that states are by nature power maximizers. (Rosenberg, 2001, p.17) This concept of power imposes intellectual discipline upon the observer, infuses rational order into the subject matter of politics (Morgenthau, 1967) and produces the idealistic  [1]  conception of a balance of power. Overall, Realism advocates a broad positivist scientific epistemolog y by a determinate causal relation between the object and subject i.e. the fixed objective nature of man into a subjective social power relation between states. Another orthodox explanatory theory is said to be Liberalism, which sets out a common positivist epistemology and ontological emphasis on human nature. The Liberal perspective accepts the Realist ontology of human nature and state-centricity, but differs by emphasising the rational qualities of individuals and a faith in the progress of social life. Despite the fixed conception of human nature, man is able to cooperate and construct a peaceful society. (Russett, 2007, p.96) Although not denying the international system is anarchical, there is a disagreement as to what this means and why it matters. (Baldwin, 1993, p.4) Liberalism has a belief in democratic governments, economic interdependence and international law and institutions, in a series of feedback loops each factor strengthening the other and leading to a self-perpetuating peaceful system. (Russett, 2007, p.107) In a sense Liberalism breaks from away from the Realist conception of man, to a more central role of rational indi viduals cooperating and constructing a peaceful society. Once more Liberalism applies a positivist methodology by relating the agency of human nature as the ontological basis and predicting structural power relations between states. So far I have focused upon two generalised orthodox theories and argued that both categorise neatly within the explanatory bracket. However, when moving to the third paradigm of International Relations theory Marxism we find that the distinctions become obscure and potentially misleading if operated negligently. Marxisms methodology operates on a dual basis of dialectical and historical materialism; if taken separately I believe Marxism can wrongly be defined as explanatory theory, whereas, taken in its correct dual sense Marxism bridges the gap between explanatory and constitutive theories. Firstly, dialectical materialism is a theory of struggle and must be understood as in direct opposition to idealism. Contrary to the orthodox theories, dialectics does not regard nature as an accidental agglomeration of things, independent and isolated such as the ontological basis of power and human nature but a connected and integrated whole, in which things are organically interdependent. The dialectical methodology is holistic and therefore holds that we cannot understand the phenomena in nature, if isolated from surrounding phenomena. Contrary to orthodox theory, human nature is not in a state of rest, fixed and immobile, but in a state of continuous movement and change. This dialectical approach has important implications for the way in which Marxism studies social life, removing it from a simple object and subject split, whilst also distinguishing its methodology from orthodox theory. As Marx himself put it, as soon as this active life-process is described, history ceases to be a collection of dead facts as it is with the empiricists. (Marx Engels, 1970, p.48) Nevertheless, Marxism still retains an element of explanatory quality, as dialectical materialism envisages a process of development; where qualitative changes occur not gradually, but rapidly and abruptly, leaping from one state to another; not accidently, but as a natural result of gradual quantitative changes in the unfolding of contradictions inherent in nature. (Stalin, 1938) This dialectical process results in Marxist methodology to scientifically predict the eventual downfall of capitalism to a higher stage of communism. The mistake often made with Marxism is to highlight the objective factors as primarily driving revolutionary change. Instead, by incorporating a reading of Marxist historical materialism, we begin to understand that objective factors inevitably give rise to revolts and not revolution; i.e. objectively the stock market will crash due to the structure of capitalism, giving rise to a subjective revolt. By incorporating historical materialism, Marxism focuses on the subjective factors alive within an epoch of history and seeks to measure the factors for revolution and the factors against; objective factors can include unintentional structures of exploitation and alienation; giving rise to subjective necessity to find a job, or join a union. It is this dialectical interrelation of object and subject that informs the Marxist methodology. Contrary to explanatory theory, which asserts that theory can be separate from practice, and that value-free knowledge is possible due to our sensations, ideas and perceptions; Marxist materialism holds that matter is primary, since it is the source of our ideas, and that our theory is derivative, a reflection of matter and practice. One cannot separate the thought from matter which thinks. Matter is the subject of all changes. (Marx, 2001, p.167) Whatever the material conditions of life of a society, such are the ideas and theories about them it is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness. (Marx, 2001, p.425) In summation, Marxism has scientific qualities and foundational epistemology similar to explanatory theory; yet, by its break towards a more holistic methodology and historical materialist ontology, marks a nascent stage of constitutive theory. The Marxist ideological hypothesis marks a transition towards Post theoretical concepts. Post-structuralism claims that interpretation is void of any objectivity and as such political leaders, social activists, scholars and students all actively engage in a interpretation of the world that is ideological. Post-structuralism attacks the Realist foundational approach, highlighting how state-centric ontology results in predetermined practice; i.e. balance of power emerges as Realism marks a border between inside/outside, sovereign/anarchic, us/them (Campbell, 2007, p.216) and post-structuralism is concerned with how this inside and outside relation is mutually composed. Post-structuralism argues that these interpretations are made from a particular ideological vantage point and hence representation cannot be abstracted from our identities; therefore post-structuralism is concerned with the discourse of identity politics. (Campbell, 2007, pp.214-16) Post-structuralism is essentially conc erned with the deconstruction of truth claims; for example, Realism, Liberalism and Marxism all have a normative position and therefore claim to have uncovered some fundamental truth about the world. (Baylis et al., 2008, p.185) Overall, post-structuralism has a devastating critique and deconstruction of the normative element of traditional theories. However, I would argue that this meta-theoretical critique is useful in retrospect, yet, pacifying and un-politicizing by an failure to change the concrete conditions of society; otherwise contradicting its anti-normative perspective. The distinctions between explanatory and constitutive appear to be problematic and I believe this due to the construction of explanatory theory using a framework of Realist ontology, epistemology and methodology. This forces a superficial distinction to be drawn in the shape of constitutive theory, which directly opposes Realism. Yet, when placing Marxism and to a degree Liberalism within these inflexible categories, an element of overlap is necessary. Instead, using Robert Coxs more flexible categorisation; problem-solving and critical theory helps to show clearly the points of departure and encourage reflection on the process of theorising itself; i.e. to achieve a perspective on perspectives. (Cox, 1981, p.88) Realism and Liberalism would be defined as problem-solving theory due to its negation of the prevailing social and power relationships, as well as institutions and economic structure. The second category is critical theory, it is critical because it refuses to except the exi sting order as a non-historical occurrence, but question how that order came about and how it is maintained. (Cox, 1981, pp.88-89) Overall, the problem-solving and critical distinctions offer more flexibility and clarity between theoretical perspectives. Nevertheless, the distinctions made are on a normative basis and subsequently complicate the positioning of post theoretical perspectives. To conclude, I would argue that the distinctions of Explanatory and Constitutive theory are highly problematic since the act of categorisation, in itself, leads to the creation of new discourses that can dangerously disregard important underpinnings of major theories. As Marx once famously recalled if this is Marxism, then I am not a Marxist (Engels, 1890) and Foucaults effort to escape any fixed identity through his writings, (Gutting, 2005, p.10) illustrates the discomfort of categorisation as practice in political theory.

Hamlet: Hamlet Defeated By His Own Flaws :: essays research papers

Hamlet: Hamlet Defeated By His Own Flaws In William Shakespeare's well known tragic play, Hamlet, the main character Hamlet is defeated by his own flaws. These flaws are the killing of Polonius, the killing of Claudius, and most of all by Hamlet being misled by the Ghost. The killing of Polonius is a major flaw of Hamlets because it got him killed by Laertes. Also the killing of his uncle Claudius was tragic, since he was his uncle and he made Hamlet very angry towards his mother. The last and most noted flaw of Hamlet's was him being misled by the Ghost and engaging in his plan of madness. The first of Hamlets flaws is the killing of Polonius. The death of Polonius was an accident that shouldn't have happened. Hamlet believed the person behind the drapery was indeed Claudius. After Hamlet draws his rapier, runs it through the drapes, and kills Polonius. He asks? "Is it the King?" He then he is drawn into a heated conversation with his mother, Gertrude, over the short wait after old king Hamlets death for her to remarry. He says "Almost as bad, good mother, As kill a king, and marry his brother". The major effect of his killing of, Polonius, was indeed his death. This ignited Laertes' revenge on Hamlet which resulted in Hamlet's death. Just as the killing of Polonious was a tragic flaw of Hamlets, so was the killing of Claudius. This flaw of Hamlets which was to be the solo revenge of Claudius brought upon the death of Gertrude, Polonius, and Laertes. The madness in Hamlet was to be unleashed only on Claudius. Yet Hamlet's path of destruction killed his mother, she was killed by the poison meant for Hamlet by Claudius. Laertes death was brought on by the killing of Polonius. The duel between Hamlet and Laertes, which was the arranged revenge on Hamlet, was the final stand of each. Although the killings Hamlet carried out were flaws he possessed, another major flaw was his ignorance in following the Ghost. Hamlet was warned not to follow the Ghost that there must be some evil in him, but he didn't listen. Both Horatio and Marcellus forcefully try to hold back the prince, but he will not be restrained.

How Nadine Gordimer Ends Her Stories Essay -- Nadine Gordimer An Intru

How Nadine Gordimer Ends Her Stories Nadine Gordimers stories make enormous demands upon the reader. Mostly on the first reading it’s even hard to know what’s actually going on. But gradually a densely concentrated image or an idea will develop after reading over the story again and concentrating on some particular parts, like for example the endings. Indeed you should pay much attention to them. Even through nearly every of them are slightly different, they indicate what you should think about and leave you with a curious eagerness to find out more, to get to know what happens next. In fact I am sure that Nadine Gordimer just wants us to make our mind work and mull over the main meaning of the story, to uncover what she wants to express with it. In many cases, the conclusion of the story is what impresses you most. Some writers don’t realise this fact and they destroy the whole piece of work by an unsuitable ending. But Nadine Gordimer’s conclusions are marvelous. If you would miss it you won’t be able to get the point of the story because it encompasses much very important information. For example in the story â€Å"An Intruder† one of the main characters goes through a drastic change in last four lines. â€Å"She stood there wan, almost ugly, really like some wretched pet monkey shivering in a cold climate† (p. 374) This is a big contrary because throughout the whole story she was the described like a â€Å"frail little marmoset† (p. 367) and as â€Å"beautiful† (p.369). However she changes in the end â€Å"... she was grown-up, now, suddenly, as some people are said to turn white-haired overnight.† If the reader would miss this significant change in her life, he probably would not find out what the story is actually about... ... try to argue that the story ends in a fortunate way for Ella because she goes to Europe, and that’s what she was dreaming about for so long. But we have to become aware of what preceded the trip – a cruel murder, and we even don’t know if Ella is truly happy or if she enjoys the trip at all. A good way of making people think and wake their interests is to irritate them, exactly in that way how Gordimer irritates her readers with the endings. How could be Marie so blind and immature for ages and than grow up â€Å"in a second†? How is it possible that a system is SO unfair and unjustly like in case of Ella and Lena? And how does the narrator of â€Å"Africa Emergent† even dare to make him innocent for Elias’ death? Simply said, Nadine Gordimer is that kind of writer that can give a true picture of what’s going on, and can make it very interesting to the reader.

Self-Control and the ‘Self’ Essay -- Psychology

Nearly everyone in the modern world has heard of the term self-control, a seemingly non-important or uninteresting topic of interest. However, self-control has been related to having one of the most significant impacts on a person. Even some have gone as far to say that self-control is the â€Å"biggest predictor of a successful and satisfying life† (Pinker 1), which are bold words for a topic that many merely disregard. The idea of self-control is a concept coined in the Victorian era, and appears immensely throughout the novel, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength, written by R.F. Baumeister & J. Tierney. Essentially a self-help book, ‘Willpower’ provides explanations for why humans are doing the things that they do, and why people aren’t always as virtuous as they may be expected to be. Self-control affects many facets of a person’s life, and by looking at how it is presented in psychology, and in Baumeister and Tierney’s n ovel, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength, one will see the correlations and differences between modern research and historical perspectives on the idea of self-control, and ultimately decide if the idea of self-control is an inherent trait or a learned condition. Self-control is a topic and concept argued frequently in the psychological world. Some believe that self-control is an innate feature of human kind, while others, like Baumeister, believe it is a characteristic that can be practiced and strengthened. Baumeister’s model of willpower describes self-control as a muscle that can be depleted and replenished, just as any other muscle in the body. What is self-control exactly? Well, Freud was a psychologist who believed that personality is a biological component of ones-self,... ...Virtue, Personality, and Social Relations: Self-Control as the Moral Muscle." Journal of Personality 67.6 (1999): 1165-194. Print. Davis, Doug. "A Glossary of Freudian Terminology." A Freud Glossary. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. . Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster. Web. 17 Apr. 2012. . Pinker, Steven. "The Sugary Secret of Self-Control." NY Times. Sept.-Oct. 2011. Web. 4 Mar. 2012. "The Science of Self-Control [Paperback]." Amazon.com: The Science of Self-Control (9780674013575): Howard Rachlin: Books. Web. 17 Apr. 2012. . "Self Control in Society, Mind, and Brain." Alibris. Web. 17 Apr. 2012. .

Characterization Of A Glycerol Based Polymer Environmental Sciences Essay

In oleochemical industry, glycerin ( 1,2,3-propanetriol ) is ever produced as a byproduct in the fabrication of acids, soaps, methyl esters, intoxicants or nitrogen-containing derived functions. It can besides be made from propene via epichlorohydrin ( 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane ) . However, the petrochemical supply path is less of import due to the increasing supply of glycerin from oleochemical industry, the high monetary value of propylene and the demand for epichlorohydrin for other intents ( Gunstone & A ; Henning, 2004 ) . Figure 1.1 Glycerol Glycerol possesses a alone combination of physical and chemical belongingss which are utilized in many commercial merchandises. It is hygroscopic, colourless, odorless, syrupy, sweet-tasting, low boiling point, non-toxic, demulcent, a good dissolver, and H2O soluble. Besides, it is easy biodegradable ( Gunstone & A ; Henning, 2004 ) . Furthermore, it is really stable under normal storage conditions, compatible with many other chemical stuffs, non-irritating in its assorted utilizations, and does non hold negative effects on the environment ( Pagliaro & A ; Rossi, 2008 ) . The glycerin market is presently undergoing extremist alterations, driven by really big supplies of glycerin originating from biodiesel production. The attempt to cut down the dependance on foreign oil has increased the production of biodiesel and glycerin is the major co-product from the transesterification procedure used to bring forth biodiesel. Hence, there is a demand to happen new utilizations for glycerin. Polymerization is one of the methods which big sum of glycerin can be used ( Wyatt et al. , 2006 ) . There two types of polymerisations. First, soluble merchandises are obtained irrespective of the extent to which the reaction is carried toward completion. The merchandises formed are chiefly additive polymers. The 2nd type of polymerisation is those that lead to gelled or indissoluble merchandises, provided that the reaction is carried far plenty. The reactants are capable of bring forthing big three dimensional molecules ( Flory, 1941 ) . Harmonizing to Flory ( 1941 ) , gelation occurs merely when there is the possibility of limitless growing in three dimensions. It is a important feature of polymerising systems to hold a aggressively defined gel point at a certain critical extent of reaction which is independent of temperature, sum of accelerator and so on. Through polymerisation of glycerin, the pre-polymers synthesized could be farther reacted to bring forth longer ironss of hyperbranched polymers. Hyperbranched polymers belong to the household of supermolecules known as dendrimers. Dendrimers are extremely branched monodispersed molecules produced by multistep syntheses. Preparation of dendrimers requires a high grade of pureness of the get downing stuff and high outputs of the single man-made measure. On the other manus, hyperbranched polymers are indiscriminately branched molecules prepared by a simple one-step reaction ( Wyatt et al. , 2006 ) via polyaddition, polycondensation, extremist polymerization, and so forth, of an ABn monomer ( Vogtle et al. , 2009 ) . Due to their alone combination of low viscousness, first-class solubility, and facile synthesis, hyperbranched polymers have received important attending ( Lin, Q & A ; Long, T.E. , 2003 ) . Chemical reaction of the functional A groups with the functional B ( matching ) groups of a 2nd monomer molecule gives rise to randomly branched molecule. Since the C groups are present in surplus ( n a†°? 2 ) , crosslinking are avoided from the beginning. Chemical reaction can be brought to a standstill by addtion of stopper constituents. Since the synthesis of hyperbranched polymers does non affect matching to core molecule, but merely ABn monomers react with one another. Both bifurcate molecules and additive sequences possibly formed ( Vogtle et al. , 2009 ) . Hyperbranched polymers produced from diacids ( A2 ) and glycerin ( B3 ) are an illustration of the AB2 system. AB2 monomers are non readily available and kinetic computations show that the first condensation reaction, which produces an AB2 species, is faster than the subsequent polymer extension. Therefore, the balance of the reaction progresses as polycondensation between AB2-type species prior to the gel point. Several methods have been used to avoid gelation in A2+B3 systems, including executing the reactions in dilute solutions or responding them in the absence of dissolvers while monitoring. This glycerol-based polymer is expected to demo similar belongingss and features as polyalkylene ethanediol ( PAG ) . A polyalkylene ethanediol holding the general expression: HO- [ R-O- ] n H in which N has a value of at least 2 and R is an alkylene extremist containing at least 10 C atoms. PAG liquid are used as man-made lubricators in many diverse applications. Therefore, glycerol-based polymers could besides hold the possible to be use every bit high public presentation lubricator, coolant or as a lubricant additive ( such as viscousness qualifier ) . Materials with polymeric constructions can be used in lubricator to heighten its belongingss, such as viscousness, pour point and so on. It can be used as get downing stuff for certain types of additives. These polymeric additives can be viscosity modifier, pour point sedatives, emulsifiers and demulsifiers, and foam inhibitor in lubricators ( Totten, G.E. et al. , 2003 ) . Oils can be effectual lubricators at low temperature. However, at higher temperature, they become less effectual. To get the better of this job, viscousness qualifiers are utile in minimising viscousness fluctuations with temperature. Viscosity qualifier is a polymer with mean molecular weights of 10000 to 150000. At all temperatures, viscousness qualifier is able to increase oil ‘s viscousness. The thickener of oil at lower temperature is less than that at higher temperature. At low temperatures, the polymer molecules busying a little volume have a minimal association with the majority oil. The state of affairs is reversed at high temperatures as the polymer ironss expand due to the increased thermic energy. Besides, at higher temperatures, polymers are more soluble and hence do the viscousness to increase ( Totten, G.E. et al. , 2003 ) . There are two types of viscousness qualifiers available commercially: olefin-based polymers and ester polymers. Polyisobutylenes ( PIBs ) , olefin copolymers ( OCPs ) , and hydrogenated styrene-diene ( STDs ) polymers. Ester polymers include polymethacrylates ( PMAs ) and styrene ester polymers ( SEs ) ( Totten, G.E. et al. , 2003 ) . Literature Review In a research done by Wyatt and his colleagues ( 2006 ) , fresh oligomeric prepolymers were synthesized by acid-catalyzed condensation of glycerin with iminodiacetic. The prepolymers were obtained after purification by chromatography in an mean output of 62 % . The compounds were characterized by utilizing 13C NMR, 1H NMR, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectroscopy, and gel pervasion chromatography. It was discovered that additive merchandises bearing cyclic urethane constructions were obtained in the reaction between iminodiacetic acid and glycerin. Qi Lin and Timothy E. Long ( 2003 ) studied the polymerisation of A2 with B3 monomers to bring forth hyperbranched poly ( aryl estrer ) s. A dilute bisphenol A ( A2 ) solution was added easy to a dilute 1,3,5-benzene tricarbonyl trichloride ( B3 ) solution at 25A °C to fix hyperbranched poly ( aryl ester ) s in the absence of gelation. The molar ratio of A2: B3 was maintained at 1:1. The maximal concluding monomer concentration was ~0.08 M. The phenol functionalities were quantitatively consumed during the polycondensation. This was showed in 1H NMR spectrometry and derivitization of terminal groups. Two theoretical account compounds were synthesized to place 1H NMR resonances for additive, dentritic, and terminal units. The concluding grade of ramification was determined to be ~50 % . The hyperbranched polymers exhibited lower glass passage temperatures compared to their parallels. J.F. Stumbe and Bernd Bruchmann ( 2003 ) besides used the A2+B3 attack to fix hyperbranched polyesters with controlled molecular weights and belongingss. The procedure was carried out by responding glycerin and adipic acid without any dissolvers. Tin accelerators was used. The merchandises were evaluated by size exclusion chromatography ( SEC ) analysis and NMR spectrometry to find molecular weights and grades of ramification. A survey was besides carried out on the glycerin esters from reaction of glycerin with dicarboxylic esters. The glycerin esters were synthesized by the base catalyzed reaction of glycerin with aliphatic dicarboxylic acid esters ( such as dimethyl oxalate, dimethyl glutarate, dimethyl adipate, etc ) . Assorted parametric quantities that may impact the transesterification were studied in order to optimise the output of merchandises. The reactions were carried out by changing the glycerol/ester molar ratios. The optimal ratio was 4:1, whereby the measure of the monoester was 60 % after 8 h. The transition decreased somewhat when the grinder ratio exceeded 4:1. At higher temperatures, the sum of monoester in the reaction mixtures increased and it reached a maximal degree after 6 H when the reaction was carried out at 100 A °C to 120 A °C. It took 8 H at a lower temperature. However, the overall output at the terminal of the reaction was non affected by the temperature. The formation of both monoester and diester were produced in an overall output of 80 % after 15 H of reaction clip ( Cho et al. , 2006 ) . Sunder et. Al. ( 1999 ) carried out a controlled synthesis of hyperbranched polyglycerols by pealing opening multibranching polymerisation. Hyperbranched aliphatic polyethers with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distribution were prepared via anionic polymerisation of glycidol with rapid cation-exchange equilibrium. Glycidol which represents a cyclic AB2 monomer was polymerized in a ring-opening multibranching ( ROMBP ) . The anionic polymerisation was carried out under slow add-on conditions with partly deprotonated ( 10 % ) 1,1,1-tris ( hydroxymethyl ) propane ( TMP ) as the instigator. 13C NMR, MALDI-TOF spectroscopy, vapor force per unit area osmometry ( VPO ) , and GPC were used to qualify molecular weights and polydispersities of the polyols formed. The 13C NMR spectra used to measure the grade of ramification ( DB ) ranged from 0.53-0.59. A complete fond regard of hyperbranched polymers to TMP instigator and the absence of macrocyclics were showed in M ALDI-TOF spectra. There was no macrocyclics or hyperbranched supermolecule obtained, due to decelerate addtion. T.J. Mulkern and N.C. Beck Tan ( 2000 ) studied a series of blends of hyperbranched polyester with high molecular weight polystyrenes. The processability and compatibility in the blends were investigated as a map of volume fraction of hyperbranched polyols ( HBP ) added and responsiveness of the matrix stage. Due to its low viscousness and high responsiveness, HBP polymers are suited for reactive polymer blending. Through processing and rheological surveies, it was found that HBPs are effectual processing AIDSs. A important bead in the blend viscousness occurs instantly on add-on of HBP, even at degrees every bit low as 2 vol. % . In 1934, Herman Bruson discovered a man-made oil additive when he was researching the synthesis and possible applications of longer alkyl side concatenation methacrylates. Bruson ‘s innovation, polymethacrylates ( PMAs ) was found to hold the possible to work as thickening or viscousness index humanitarian for mineral oils. It increases viscousness at higher temperature more than at lower temperatures ( Kinker, B.G. , 2009 ) . The alkly group in the ester part of the polymer can be altered to obtain merchandises with better oil solubility and viscosity-improving belongingss. It besides have good compatibility with a big figure of refined and man-made basestocks. In a survey by Duncan and Turner ( 1997 ) , blends of lubricant basestocks with high viscousness complex intoxicant esters were produced. The blend comprises of a polyhydroxyl compound R ( OH ) N, a polybasic acid and a monohydric intoxicant. The complex intoxicant ester showed a pour point of less than or equal to -20A °C and a viscousness in the scope about 100-700 Central Time at 40A °C. The lubricating oil harmonizing to Duncan and Turner ‘s innovation has first-class prurience as determined by engine public presentation, vane pump trial, Yamaha Tightening Test, and reduced valve lodging. Besides, it has good stableness as evidenced by the consequences of RBOT and Cincinnati Milacron trials. The lubricator has besides unexpected biodegradability as measured by Sturm trial ( Duncan et al. , 1997 ) . Hunt et Al. ( 1993 ) carried out supercritical fluid extraction to analyze liquid poly ( alklene ethanediol ) ( PAG ) lubricators and sorbitan ester preparations. The PAG matrix was adsorbed onto silicon oxide and the selectivity obtained by this method was compared with that obtained by the direct extraction of adsorbed and unadsorbed PAG. Extraction was besides done for unadsorbed PAG through the in-line column and it was successful in dividing additives from all but the lowest molecular mass PAG oligomers. This extraction process enabled fractional process of the merchandise and could be used as a sample readying technique for farther spectroscopic analysis. It is hard to bring forth polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions by traditional methods. Supercritical fluid engineering is applied to get the better of the conventional methods. The solubilty parametric quantity of supercritical fluid can be tailored. Selective extraction and fractional process are possible from multi-component mixtures. The key to doing high quality polymers is to guarantee precise control of molecular weight and polydispersity at high output while maintaining residuary contaminations below acceptable tolerance degrees. Hernandez et. Al. ( 2005 ) tested the turn overing weariness of three polyglycols ( PAG-9, PAG-12 and BREOX-B-135X ) . Polyglycols ( besides called PAG or polyalkylene ethanediols ) are widely used in the lubrication industry. These compounds have really high viscousness indexes, really low pour points, a high thermic conduction with regard to mineral oils, hydrolytic stableness, etc. Rolling fatigue trials were carried out utilizing IP-300 criterion in order to obtain the word picture of the fluids. A four ball trial machine was used and 10 % life ( L10 ) and 50 % life ( L50 ) were obtained. The stress-time curves for L10 and L50 were besides determined. All polyglycols were tested under boundary lubrication government ( I » & lt ; 1 ) where in turn overing contacts the surface manner of failures prevails. In oils of the same household, the pressure-viscosity coefficient is comparatively changeless. An addition in viscousness improved the minimal movie thickness with the attendant addition of the I » ratio. Fatigue life is mostly a map of the ratio of lubricating movie thickness to composite surface raggedness ( I » ratio ) . Differences in I » ratio for the three polyglycols resulted in different grimness interactions and turn overing contact weariness lives. With respect to turn overing contact weariness, the pick of viscousness category should avoid grimness interaction, so that the lone manner of failure will be subsurface failure. Although mean force per unit area in the contact was the same, increase in viscousness from PAG-9 to BREOX-B135X improved the I » ratio from 0.18 to 0.34. At less I » & lt ; 1, operation is in the boundary lubrication government where turn overing contact fatigue life is short, but an addition of I » ratio cut down the grimness interactions a nd hence rolled contact weariness improved. An probe was so carried put by Garcia and colleagues on PC-SAFT volumetric and stage behaviour of C dioxide + PAG or POE lubricant systems. The densenesss of man-made PAG oil was measured from 283.15 K to 333.15 K while the solubilities of CO2 in this oil was measured from 253 K to 333.15 K. Molecular weight of the lubricator was estimated utilizing fast atom barrage ( FAB ) . Molecular weight and experimental densenesss were used to cipher characteristic parametric quantities of PC-SAFT theoretical account for several commercial PAG oils. Movable characteristic parametric quantities were used for POEs. The thermophysical belongingss and phase behavior of CO2-lubricant oil mixtures is of import for the design of infrigidation and air-conditioning. The go arounding fluid comes into contact with the lubricator used in compressors and a part of the oil is transported into the infrigidation circuit with assorted effects in footings of public presentation. If the oil is non-miscible with the refrigerant, the compressor may be damaged due to hapless oil return to the compressor. Oil may roll up inside the heat money changer tubings cut downing heat transportation capablenesss, enthalpy alteration and ensuing in an overall decrease of the infrigidation capacity and rhythm public presentation. In add-on, high solubility of the refrigerant in the lubricator may cut down the viscousness of the oil-rich stage and consequences in lower lubrication belongingss which gives rise to dislocation of the compressor mechanical parts. Hauk & A ; Weidner ( 2000 ) studied the thermodynamic and fluid-dynamic belongingss of C dioxide with different lubricators in chilling circuits for car application. The information of the binary mixture were measured at temperatures between 5 and 100 A °C under force per unit area of up to 150 saloon. The stage behaviour was observed qualitatively in a hugh-pressure position cell and was determined in an sterilizer based on a static-analytical method. The viscousness of the lubricator saturated with C dioxide was measured with an integrated vitreous silica viscometer. The pertinence of lubricators in car-climatization systems can be evaluated with the cognition of stage behaviour and the resulting viscousness of gas-saturated lubricantsThe stage behaviour of oils with C dioxide can be divided into three different types which are binary systems with closed miscibility spreads, systems with unfastened miscibility spreads, and systems that show barotropic phenomena. Oils that show barotropic behaviour in contact with tight C dioxide are non recommended as lubricators. Oils with complete or limited miscibility with C dioxide may be used. Firdovsi & A ; Yagoub ( 2006 ) investigated the man-made heat bearer oil composings based on polyalklene ethanediols. Thermal stableness, mass loss on vaporization at 250 A °C, 350 A °C and altering the specifications after heating at 300 A °C for 10 Hs were besides studied. The prepared PAGs have been taken as basic constituents for heat bearer oil composings. It was discovered that the specifications of PAGs such as viscousness indices, pour points, acerb figure and brassy points changed dramatically upon heat handling. In order to better the thermic stableness and viscousness indices, anti-oxidant and anti-foaming additives were added to the base stuff to make optimal composings. The obtained heat bearer oils showed comparable improved belongingss in comparing with commercially available heat bearers. Methodology This undertaking will be divided into 2 phases as listed below. Poly ( glycerol-diacid ) polymer will be prepared by utilizing different hydrocarbon concatenation length of diacids ( such as azelaic, succinic and adipic acid ) . The merchandises will be analysed in order to analyze their chemical and physical belongingss. Phase 1: Chemical reactions of glycerin with different hydrocarbon concatenation length of diacid compounds ( e.g. azelaic, succinic or adipic acid ) at different mole ratios, are carried out under N2. The mixtures were charged to a reaction vas equipped with distillment setup. The reaction merchandise is allowed to respond at the coveted temperature and clip. Acid value ( AV ) , hydroxyl value ( OHV ) and glycerin content will be measured to keep the reaction advancement. Optimization of the reaction parametric quantities will be studied by changing different reaction parametric quantities such as type and sum of diacid, reaction clip, temperature and force per unit area. The concluding merchandise will be washed, dried and characterised. Phase 2: The merchandises obtained will be analysed by utilizing both High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( HPLC ) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ( GC-MS ) . Other instrumentality such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ( FT-IR ) , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( NMR ) and Gel Permeation Chromatography ( GPC ) will besides be utilised to further corroborate their molecular construction. Physical belongingss of the merchandises obtained such as viscousness, solubility, brassy point, fire point, denseness, specific gravitation, biodegradability, and oxidative stableness will be performed. Expected consequence: Polymers ensuing from the copolymerisation of glycerin with diacids of changing C concatenation length, molecular construction, and composing will be obtained. Structures holding more than two free acid functionalities at the end-terminals can happen merely after ramifying. As the clip of reaction returns, the viscousness increases which limits the interaction between the reactants and the turning polymers. The H2O solubilty of the oligomers decreases with increasing concatenation length of the diacid monomers of the diacid monomers used in fixing the oligomers. This glycerin based polymers are expected to possess broad scope of applications such as cosmetics and lubricators.

15 and 17 inch Multimedia LCD TVs: A Comparison

In the case of comparing a 15 inch multimedia LCD TV system with that of a 17 inch one for the purposes of deciding product continuity, one of the most important factors to be considered is its appeal to the buying public. In this case, the scenario is such that the 15 inch model is quickly losing favor with many customers, while its counterpart is enjoying a rise in sales, buoyed by excellent reviews of the product. Given the options available, I would have to say that two plans of action are equally desirable in dealing with the situation. The first would be to modify the product’s (15 inch LCD) features, styling or performance. It is entirely possible that the reason lesser customers are buying the product is merely because of a physical attribute. Perhaps customers no longer find it modern or state of the art in terms of the overall â€Å"look and feel.† Maybe its technical capabilities are easily dwarfed by the competition. Either way, modifying or â€Å"tweaking† the product’s attributes could bring about renewed interest among potential buyers. However, another option would be to simply discontinue the 15 inch model and focus solely on the 17 inch one. After all, why stick with a losing product? Eventually, profits coming from other areas would only be overshadowed by production and operational costs of this product. By discontinuing it entirely, even more people may become amenable to purchasing the 17 inch model, thus reducing company expenditures while maximizing profit. Nevertheless, in the world of business, only one option must be chosen and this choice almost always involves considerable risk. For this situation, I would have to go with choosing option one first, before doing the second. I would first see if a revitalization of the 15 inch product would change the way customers see it and subsequently cause renewed interest. If it still fails, then a discontinuation would be in order. This way, I can say with certainty that all viable avenues of decision were considered and exhausted before giving up on the product entirely. References Kotler, P. & Armstrong, G. (2005). Principles of Marketing. Prentice Hall: 11th ed. Hill, C. & Jones, G. (2006). Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach. Houghton Mifflin Company: 7th ed. Miller, W. (2001). Proactive Sales Management: How to Lead, Motivate and Stay Ahead of the Game. Broadway, New York: American Management Association

Major Systems used in an Organization Essay

Organizations utilize different types of information systems to take their business decisions for their operations. The hierarchy levels of the organizations in general are operational, knowledge, management, and strategic. Accordingly, three main categories of information systems serve at different organizational levels on hierarchy are: I. Operational-level systems II. Management-level systems III. Strategic-level systems 1. Operational-level systems: Information systems that monitors and support operational managers, keeping track of the elementary activities and business transactions of the organization. E.g.Sales,receipts,cashdeposits, pay roll, credit decisions and flow of materials in a factory. 2. Management-level systems: Information systems that serves the monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities of middle managers of the business organization 3. Strategic-level systems: Information systems that support the long-range planning activities of senior management and help senior management tackle and address strategic issues to keep the strategic growth of the business firm. Major type’s information systems in organizations include 1. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) 2. Management Information Systems (MIS) 3. Decision-Support Systems (DSS) 4. Executive Support Systems (ESS) Transaction processing systems function at the operational level of organization. Knowledge work systems help create and integrate new knowledge within the organization. Management information systems provide managers with reports based primarily on data pulled from transaction processing systems, have an internal orientation, and have limited flexibility. . Decision-support systems function at the management level and provide analytical models and data analysis tools to provide support for semi  structured and unstructured decision-making activities. Executive support systems function at the strategic level, support unstructured decision making, and use advanced graphics and communications. Major type’s information system in a typical organization is shown in below figure along with strategic levels and functional areas. Transaction processing was one of the first business processes to be computerized and without information systems, recording and processing business transactions would consume huge amounts of an organizations resources. Transactions are events that occur as part of doing business, such as sales, purchases, deposits, withdrawals, refunds, and payments. TPS serve the operational level. The transaction processing systems (TPS) is a computerized system that performs and records the daily routine transactions necessary to the conduct of the business. TPS also involve employees in business processes. Transaction Processing Systems are information systems that process data resulting from the occurrence of business transaction. Every organization has manual and automated transacting processing systems (TPSs), which process the detailed data necessary to update records about the fundamental business operations of the organization. These systems include order entry, inventory control, payrolls, accounts payable, accounts’ receivable, and general ledgers to name a few. The input to these systems includes basic business transactions such as customer orders, purchase orders, receipts, time records, invoices and customer payments. The result of processing business transactions is that the organizations records are updated to reflect the status of the operation at the time of the last process transaction. Automated TPSs consist of all the components of Computer Based Information, including databases, telecommunications, people, procedure, software and hardware devices used to process transactions. The processing activities include data collection, data edit, data correction, data manipulation, data storage and document production. The transaction processing systems (TPS) is a computerized system that performs and records the daily routine transactions necessary to the  conduct of the business. TPS also involve employees in business processes. Transaction Processing Systems are information systems that process data resulting from the occurrence of business transaction. Every organization has manual and automated transacting processing systems (TPSs), which process the detailed data necessary to update records about the fundamental business operations of the organization. These systems include order entry, inventory control, payrolls, accounts payable, accounts’ receivable, and general ledgers to name a few. The input to these systems includes basic business transactions such as customer orders, purchase orders, receipts, time records, invoices and customer payments. The result of processing business transactions is that the organizations records are updated to reflect the status of the operation at the time of the last process transaction. Automated TPSs consist of all the components of Computer Based Information, including databases, telecommunications, people, procedure, software and hardware devices used to process transactions. The processing activities include data collection, data edit, data correction, data manipulation, data storage and document production. Management Information Systems (MIS) BASIC CONCEPTS: Five resources are 1. Men 2. Machine 3.Materials 4. Money 5.Methods. Information is considered as sixth resources Management information system (MIS) is an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases and devices used to provide routine information to the managers and decision makers. The focus of an MIS is primarily an operational efficiency, marketing, production, finance and other functional areas are supported by MIS and linked through a common data base. Management is a process consisting of planning, organizing, to achieve organizational objectives. MIS is â€Å"vital† in any organization for two reasons: 1. It emphasizes the management orientation of IT in business (not merely the processing of data). 2. It emphasizes that a systems framework should be used for information systems applications. Various functions of management are briefly defined as follows: 1. Planning – process of deciding in advance the cause of action 2. Organizing – forming formal group of people and activities to facilitate achieving its objectives 3. Controlling – checking the progress of plans and correcting any deviations 4. Directing – processing of activating the plans, structure and group efforts in the desired direction. MIS supports the management level by providing routine summary reports and exception reports for various purposes of management control process, including planning, controlling, and decision making. Examples are sales and profit per customer and per region, relocation summary and analysis, inventory control, capital investment analysis, and even a report on students who were here in the autumn but did not to return in the spring. 2.6 Decision Support System Decision-support systems provide material for analysis for the solution of semi-structured problems, which often are unique or rapidly changing. Typically, they provide the ability to do â€Å"what if† analysis. DSS will often use data from external sources, as well as data from TPS and MIS. DSS supports â€Å"right now† analysis rather than the long-term structured analysis of MIS. DSS are designed for analytical purposes and are flexible in nature. DSS provide sophisticated analytical models and data analysis tools to support semi-structured and unstructured decision-making activities. DSS use data from TPS, MIS, and external sources, provide more analytical power than other systems and interactive. The impact is on decisions in which there is sufficient structure for computer and analytic aids to be of value but where manager’s judgment is essential. A DSS is an organized collection of people, procedures, software databases and devices, used to support problem /specific decision making and lead to problem solving. The focus of a DSS is on decision making effectiveness when faced with unstructured or semi  structured business problems. 2.61 Characteristics of decision support system The main characteristics of DSS are 1. DSS help managers make decisions that are semi-structured, unique, or rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance. 2. DSS are responsive enough to run several times a day in order to correspond to changing conditions. 3 DSS make use of both internal information (from TPS and MIS) and also from external sources, such as current stock prices or product prices of competitors. 4 DSS offer users flexibility, adaptability, and a quick response. 5 DSS allow users to initiate and control the input and output. 6 DSS operate with little or no assistance from professional programmers. 7 DSS provide support for decisions and problems whose solutions cannot be specified in advance. 8 DSS use sophisticated analysis and modelling tools. 9 DSS shall support the manager but not replace his/her judgment. It should therefore neither try to provide the answers nor impose a predetermined or predefined sequence of analysis. 10 DSS requires the decision maker’s insight and judgment to control the process and solution. 2.63 Examples of DSS Systems Airlines Price and route selection, flight scheduling Investment Companies Investment evaluation Railways Train Dispatching and Routing Frito-Lay, Inc. Price, ad and promotional section Manufacturing Production optimisation Oil Companies Evaluation of potential drilling sites Executive support systems (ESS)/ Executive Information System (EIS) Senior managers use ESS to make decisions, ESS serve the strategic level of organization. They address non-routine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation and insight because there is no agreed on procedure for arriving at a solution. Executive support systems function at the strategic level, support unstructured decision making, and use advanced graphics and communications. Examples of executive support systems include sales trend forecasting, budget forecasting, and personnel planning. ESS is designed to incorporate data about external events such as new tax laws or competitors, but they also draw summarized information from internal MIS and DSS. They filter, compress and track critical data, emphasizing he reduction of time and effort required to obtain information useful to executives. ESS employ most advanced graphics S/W and can deliver graphs and data from many sources immediately to a senior executive office. ESS combines many features of MIS and DSS and Provide top executives with immediate and easy access to information. ESS help to Identify factors that are critical to accomplishing strategic objectives (critical success factors) and hence provide a generalized computing and communications environment that help senior managers address strategic issues and identify long-term trends in the firm and its environment. ESS addresses non-routine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight because there is no agreed-on procedure for arriving at a solution. ESS present graphs and data from many internal and external sources through an interface that is easy for senior managers to use. Information presented in forms tailored to the preferences of the executives using the system. ESS provides out put as desired by the end-user in the forms like Customizable g raphical user interfaces, Exception reports, Trend analysis etc., 2.74 Features of ESS 1. Contemporary ESS bring together data from all parts of the firm and enable managers to select, access, and tailor them as needed using easy-to-use desktop analytical tools and online data displays. 2. Through their ESS, many managers have access to public data, such as news services,  financial market databases, and economic information. 3. ESS has the ability to drill down, moving from a piece of summary data to lower and lower levels of detail. 4. Contemporary ESS includes tools for modeling and analysis. 5. Whereas DSS use such tools primarily for modeling and analysis in a fairly narrow range of decision situations, ESS use them primarily to provide status information about organizational performance. 6. Well-designed ESS also have some facility for environmental scanning. 7. A key information requirement of managers at the strategic level is the ability to detect signals of problems in the organizational environment that indicate strategic threats and opportunities. 8. Abil ity to analyze, compares, and highlight trends. 9. The easy use of graphics enables the user to look at more data in less time with greater clarity and insight than paper-based systems provide. 10. The timeliness and availability of the data result in needed actions being identified and carried out earlier than previously could have been done 11. Problems are handled before they become too damaging; opportunities are also identified earlier. 12. Immediate access to so much data also enables executives to better monitor activities of lower units reporting to them. That very monitoring ability enables decision making to be decentralized and to take place at lower operating levels. 2.76 Interrelationships among systems In contemporary digital firms, the different types of systems are closely linked to one another. This is the ideal. In traditional firms these systems tend to be isolated from one another, and information does not flow seamlessly from one end of the organization to the other. Efficiency and business value tend to suffer greatly in these traditional firms. The interrelation ship between major kinds of system in an organization is depicted in below figure . The various types of systems in the organization exchange data with one another. TPS are a major source of data for other systems, especially MIS and DSS. TPS are operational-level systems that collect transaction data. Examples of these are payroll or order processing that track the flow of the  daily routine transactions that are necessary to conduct business. TPS provide data that are required by office systems, KWS, MIS and DSS, although these systems may also use other data. KWS and office systems not only use data from TPS but also from MIS. DSS not only use data from TPS but also from KWS, office systems, and MIS. MIS rely heavily on data from TPS but also use data from KWS and office systems. ESS obtains most of their internal data from MIS and DSS.