Culture industries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culture industries - Essay ExampleThese are also approximatelytimes known as creative industries. Generally it includes textual, music, television, and film production and publishing, as well as crafts and design. They are knowledge base and labour-intensive industries, and created employment and wealth. By nurturing creativity and fostering innovation, they help the societies to maintain cultural diversity and produce economic performance. For some countries, architecture, the visual and performing blinds, sport, advertising, and cultural tourism may be included as adding value to the content and generating values for individuals and societies (Hesmondhalgh, 2007).All activities which have been eligible for public funding is consider as art. The division between art and commerce is ideological and not analytical. The classical music world, though in receipt of enormous public subsidy, cannot be considered deeply commercial. Similarly, though aiming to make it at some point, call ing struggling pop musicians commercial is to misunderstand a lot of what they do. The distributions of funds in these twain areas are distinct. One relies on the market, and the other on a bureaucratic system of attributing value, and so money.According to Hesmondhalgh (2007), the last few years have seen a boom in interest in the idea of the cultural industries in academic and policy-making circles. In government cultural policy, this boom has been seeming at the international, national and local level. These are concerned fundamentally with the management and selling of a concomitant kind of work.Since the Romantic movement of the 19th century, there has been a widespread tendency to think of art as the highest form of human creativity. Both Sociologists and Marxists have argued that artistic work is not so different from other kinds of labour, as they say

12 YEARS A SLAVE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

12 YEARS A SLAVE - attempt ExampleAdditionally, the movie talks about the life of an en buckle downd amend Black creation called Northup who later in life turned to abolish thraldom in Louisiana.It is a fact that, many Black masses have been killed and many have fought back against discrimination and sexual exploitation and these were the martyrs who should be remembered according to Copleand. In the authors eye, solidarity and unity is still a big issue for dark-skinned people as they are mostly struggling to gain respect and acceptance within the fresh community. The book and film both tells us that, if one looks at history, many shady people had interpreted the courage to fight for their rights and their effort should be taken as guidance by our community. In fact, depressed people are as valuable as white person from a religious perspective. In her book (Copeland,2010,pg.113) Copelands theological anthropology assiduously reveals a carefully developed understanding of his toric black bodies in relation to the body of ChristThe author in her book recommends that the history of martyrs should lead the people to fight for solidarity and peace among each other. In the same way, the movie Twelve historic period of Slave is a powerful one which communicates to the audience the life of a black slave. The movie is found on the book written by Solomon Northup where the experience of him as a slave is recounted. He was an educated man and stood firm against racial bias of white men in those times. This man can be taken as a role model as he was an educated and free man till his adult times but later turned in to freedom fighter for the slave community in Louisiana. His life was unusual as he was black person who got kidnapped and sold into slavery where he spent twelve long years in pain.Northup can be seen as a martyr as explained by Copeland and should be followed by new generation to find peace and solidarity in their

Business forecasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business presage - Essay ExampleIf the data is from the render of view of sales of the softwood supplier it indicates positive. The number of unfilled orders according to the data is going down.The depth psychology of the data, the manners which pass been tried out and the reason behind trying these methods is given below. The papers also concomitant the MS EXCEL sheet which has been prepargond in order to analyze the data and forecast. The appropriate method is described below. The basis of choosing that particular method e verywhere the others is mentioned at the end of the paper.Data analysis is make in various ways. The data when a manager looks at it he might look for the study variations, drops or growths, units time line etc in the first look. The data is useful or not it is discrete here. The second step is presenting data in a graph or chart which gives clearer picture of the changes over a period of time. The number of data and the variables present are the basis to analyze it for the further forecasting process.The data available has various factors in it which has been deciding factors of adopting a forecast method. The available when analyzed with Autocorrelation method, it has shown the spare-time activity features in it.If a series has trend, Yt and Yt-1 are highly correlated. The auto coefficient lag 1 is often very large (close to 1). As we toilette see from the above analysis the value of r1 is 0.807 which is close to one.Not precisely this if have we observed the Graph of the unfilled orders over a period of time we find that it is decreasing. It can be inferred that the overall unfilled orders is decreasing over a period of time in the cx observations. It shows a trend of decrease which is a positive impact for the organization or the industry. There are other factors which can have impact on this industry. These are various social, economic, technological and political factors which have been assumed to be constant over the peri od of time.It is based on the

The History of Program Music and its Composers Essay

The score of Program Music and its Composers - Essay Example3).To further stress this point, the great Frederick Niecks, however, remarked that force mentally symphony has always been regarded controversially as its definition is vague and narrow (1). In this context, Niecks wrote (referring to musicians) in the enter of his book en rubricd Programme Music in the Last Four Centuries A Contribution to the History of Musical Expression, that they should embrace all possible kinds, degrees, and characters the outward and the inward, the simple and the complex, the general and the particular, the lyrical, epic, dramatic, melodramatic, descriptive, symbolical, etc. They should embrace withal music with the programme merely indicated by a title, and music the programme of which is unrevealed. The absence of programme and title does not prove the music to be absolute (iii).Despite having been the one to come up with the phrase programme music, Frnza Liszt was not its inventor. Progra mme music has been in existence and practice ever since the siseteenth century, or probably even before then (Hoffman para. 3). To be able to trace its history, Frederick Niecks outlined six periods while citing the significant composers or musicians during its time. The first period was during the 16th century, a time when allusions were usually do to descriptive literal compositions that were often inadequate and incorrect (F. Niecks 7). During the second and third quarter of this century, the descriptive vocal pieces of Clement Jannequin emerged. These were La Guerre or La Bataille (War), La Chasse du Livre (The Chase), Le Chant des Oiseaux (the imposture of Animal Voices), and LAlouette (Bird Voices) (F. Niecks 7). Battle pieces became the primary favorite then.A... The researcher of this essay states that since the ancient times, music has been used to pantomime the sounds of life and nature, real or imagined. As musicians wanted to build a bridge between belles-lettres a nd music, various sounds from animals and nature like tweets, cuckoos, toots, shrieks, cries, horns blowing, hiccups, roars, rain pouring, wind blowing and the like are being used to digit a coherent musical composition that conveys a story or a plot. This form of music has been existent since the ancient times, yet it was the Hungarian composer Franz Liszt who actually coined the term programme music in the mid(prenominal) 19th century, a time when Romantic music was very pravalent. For the purpose of discussion, programme music whitethorn be defined as instrumental music that attempts to convey a story or cite mental images without the use of words. Liszt calls composers of programme music as poetizing symphonsts. Furthermore, he also strived to be able to narrate the programme and its object. He claims that the programme has no other object than to indicate preparatively the spiritual moments which impelled the composer to create his work, the thoughts which he endeavoured to incorporate in it. Given the examples of the composers and their works, that were mentioned in the essay, it is hence apparent how experimentation in the musical genre of programme music was important. It was indeed a risk for these composers to hence pattern the form of their composition to a certain programme they have pictured in their minds.

Week 4 class discussions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 4 class discussions - Essay ExampleYou can then figure come out of the closet how that point moves based on different decisions (say, price point). I like it because its a very(prenominal) easily understood concept, and can be easily visualixed and internalixed for decision making purposes.I do keep to the post of the student regarding breakeven analysis. As the student has written the post in his own words, therefore, he has non able to represent the exact concept of the breakeven analysis technique.I think I leave behind strike Breakeven Analysis. It is a technique used by accountants and management. It determines the point which revenue equals the cost that are associated with receiving revenue. Break-even analysis analyzes the costs of the sales. If something costs $50 to produce a widget and the fixed costs are $5000. The break-even point will beFrom what I turn over read in the book, and from what I have learned in previous classes, the difference between a procedur e and a number is the fact that a function will return a value while a procedure does not. In my previous classes, we just c on the wholeed them all functions. If I am missing some finer point of the difference during my discussion on them, Professor, beguile let me know.A procedure is a piece of figure that will, when called, execute a piece of code without returning and values back to the place where it was called from. A procedure may, or may not transmit any parameters. Example of procedure prototypes (are they called that as a function is?) would beA function on the other hand would return a value when it is done executing its code back to where it is called from. What we have been writing on every piece of code so far is an example of a functionThe above post is well organized description of difference between the Procedure and Functions. The student has take in concept and sound knowledge regarding the topic. The student has discussed the topic with simple and high-quali ty explanation of the

Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Analysis Paper - Essay ExampleThese converts ar highly assayful and college years have been known to be the most stressful times in life. This stress is caused by academic, personal and social challenges. Students ar expected to perform demanding tasks while adjusting to their new milieu under minimal supervision. This stress has a negative impact on them which results to smoking, alcohol abuse and alimentation disorders. Research has shown that stress experienced in this period decreases mental health which leads to depression and low self-importance esteem. Stress has become a major concern for the millennian student state and there is convey to analyze this topic in relation to stress tolerance. It is important to note that people react differently to similar stressors. This paper agrees with this expression and shall go into detail to explain why. College years are regarded as world the most stressful time in ones life. The millennial age bracket has searching feature s that entail the way they handle stressors. The sole purpose of the research discussed in the text was to make surface life style habits and con cristald approaches that are related to varying levels of stress tolerance among the millennial students in their college years. The methodology applied in this research was a random questionnaire that was conducted in a randomly selected college. The questionnaire included coping strategies, symptoms and checklists for stressors. The subjects were grouped into high stress tolerance and low stress tolerance and the STRs (Stress Tolerance Ratios) determined (Hellen et al. 362). From the results obtained, ten coping factors were connected to high stress tolerance, nine were put one in a function of low stress tolerance while one was a protective factor. According to the findings of the study, it is clear that the lifestyle habits and coping mechanisms presently being used are ineffective. These strategies also put millennial students in a position of low stress tolerance. This article seeks to address the problem of stress experienced by millennial college students during the transition period. The study also identifies the strategies that are linked to low or high stress tolerance. This population is characterized by unique features thereby their stressors are also distinctive (Hellen et al. 365) thus the need for the application of non constituted coping methods. If some coping strategies are efficient, it is possible for students to develop their stress tolerance, not taking run when the stress is out of hand. This article mainly targets the college administration, teachers and general staff. It is an informative article that has information on the causes and symptoms of stress in the learning environment. It can be used as framework for formulating stress coping strategies. The article is also valuable to parents since it helps them to understand behavior of the millennial students and give them the necessar y support throughout this period. The subjects themselves are educated on how to cope with stress and develop high stress tolerance to the highly stressful college period. This is as clearly indicated in the essay. Stress Tolerance New Challenges for Millennial College Students is an effective essay because it is has been compose is a clear language, has used supportive evidence to build on its argument and used transition statements to enhance flow. The writer has used simple and clear statements that are easy to read and understand. The essay has clearly

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business constitution - Essay ExampleOn that note, there is S.W.O.T analysis and the superseding recommendations that are also critical in the winner of a company in a foreign country. 1.0 Introduction ABC acquire is a have-to doe with for childcare and a huge provider of early childhood precept services in Australia. It was acquired by GoodStart Childcare in late 2009 (after ABC had opted for liquidation in 2008) and was deemed as the largest early childhood education provider globally. The market capitalization of this institution, according to Australian Securities Exchange, is A$2.5 billion as noted in March 2006, and it has branches around the country. Similarly, because GoodStart Childcare Limited is a not-for-profit entity, there have been plans to open branches in other countries. On that account, the best choice has been sulphur Africa because of numerous reasons that we are going to discuss1. However, it is imperative to observe that South Africa has been a viable ch oice because of its economic prosperity and economic stability. The only second-world country in Africa also has a warm socio-cultural environment that does not discriminate but allows lasting integration. 2.0 P.E.S.T.E.L Analysis 2.1 Political environs The political nature of South Africa is among the friendliest in Africa as compared to other nations. Since the end of apartheid in 1994, the country has witnessed serial calm transitions of the ANC government that encouraged more investors and tourists. Similarly, the parliament has passed numerous policies and acts which directly support foreign investment. This is because of the unhomogeneous advantages of such ventures in the form of the employment creation and improvement of living standards. On the same scope, the human activity of deals and tenders the government offers to foreign businesses has been increased by the friendliness towards foreign investment2. It is also fundamental to observe that virtually 40% of feasible tenders are offered to foreign investors, making South Africa the biggest provider of tenders in Africa. Therefore, ABC learnedness would be able to make profit by the imparting of knowledge to children of all colors in South Africa. 2.2 Economic Environment In terms of economic properties of South Africa, there are many interesting issues to note. For example, the focus skills of to the highest degree South African businesspersons are highly trained and admirable. This starts from time management whereby managers and workers prefer to arrive at their work places early due to the love of their job. Additionally, during meetings, burning issues are debated satisfactorily in order to attain a workable solution3. In other words, the forging of relationships at the employment is paramount in order to solidify the essence of economic prosperity between nations. For example, ABC Learning plans to establish a branch that will realize economic success within a disposed time. Furthermo re, in the context of doing business with other nations, South Africa was ranked number 34 in 2011, which places it among the most promising countries in the Global Index4. In the same context, the income category of the country is classified as speed middle income. Additionally, the per capita of South Africa is (US$) 5,770.00 with a population of 49,320,150, making the country only closer to nations such as Brazil and India. Therefore, these factors should encourage ABC Learning to have a chance of success in

LAND LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

LAND LAW - Essay ExampleHe was non regular in tour his property since he purchased it in year 1952, when he had asked his seller to plant Christmas trees on the charge with the thought of harvesting it in later years. However, he could not tend to his visit since he was posted at Bonn between the years 1955 to 1967.Subsequent to his return, between the years 1967-1972, the McFarlanes could make few visits to the property site, yet it was clear that his interest in his property was waning. The McFarlanes did not suspect that their land was under the monomania of Powell until, in 1972, they noticed the new fencing on their land, which gave rise to suspicion in their minds that perhaps all was not well regarding their claims to the stated property.Powell brought implement stating that he was in adverse bearion of the said disputed land since 12 years from the period 1960 to1972.In order to substantiate this statement, he had to make that he had actual possession and control ov er the said land for the last 12 years.The facts, as observed by Slade J, were that for a person to be in possession, whether legal or illegal, he should be able to bring action for trespass, against any trespasser or squatter, who comes into the said land, without his permission. This is except in the case of a person who has a better title to the land then what he himself has.. In other words, he had to maintain animosity possidendi.This means that, when the law has to attribute possession of a land to person who does not have account title on the said land, he must be in a position to prove that he has both the factual possession as well as the requisite intention to possess the said land. (Farlane 1977).The main issue in the event of alleged possession is that the squatter is dealing with the land as though it is his own, and in a manner that would be used by the true owner, and nonexistence else. The essence of animus posited is that the squatter, in his own

Mature market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

come on market - Essay ExampleThe customers in this good caterpillar industry(Neson, 1999) are commercial construction companies, equipment term of a contract and leasing companies, general construction firms and includes the mining, agricultural, waste management, industrial and forestry companies.The commercial construction companies are the lions share of this saturated mature market because the commercial companies have more money to spend, the greatest need for machineries and the greatest need for preciseness controlled equipment. All market situations contain risks.(Harringon,1999)Although the small construction companies market is now growing, there willing be a small income opportunity here because of the small capital investments that the customers will shell out. The machineries market,(Meyer,1983) as is the occurrence with other industries, is affected by the economic situation. In fact kat and its competitor Komatsu could not champion but watch their annual sales go down to the slowing down of the global thriftiness.The Consumers boldness in the product is another factor in studying the downturn in sales garishness which has been long lasting. The weakening of the global economy has contributed much to the saturation or maturity of the machineries market. It is now precise difficult to get a new sales tramps from construction and commercial companies that need the Caterpillar products. ... forthwith there are fifty five major players in the machineries business. Caterpillar occupies the number one sense of touch because it has been in operation for the past forty years. Caterpillar equipments are in demand worldwide because it has gained the sureness and confidence of its many clients. Caterpillar is known for products that are of quality and durability but also versatile. The sales people of Caterpillar are very adept at product demonstrations of their machineries and this is another big contributory factor to the success of Caterpi llar. (www.bplans.com)According to Daniels, a strategic planning group, a mature company, like Caterpillar, is move in a situation where there is very sales growth resulting to stagnant, decreasing or regular break even sales. Since there are many competitors to fill the needs of only a fewer markets, then the selling prices will most likely not increase. Companies in the mature market economy like Caterpillar are mostly using more aggressive price, service and quality that is in tune with the customers wishes. Since the market is tight, there is lesser elbow room to move up in footing of sales and quality services. For mature companies like Caterpillar(Sussland,2000) to grow more, growth opportunities have to be continuously notice and implemented. This can be done thru surveys, and research and development. Another strategy is to develop an organizational structure that will fit the ever changing marketing environment. This means that there will be a mark flexible support te am that Caterpillar is well known for in order to help the Caterpillar clients in every problem situation.Another strategy is revise the internal costing procedures in order to minimize costs and expenses. When expenses are lessened, then net income

Implementing Policy the Protects the Rights of Homosexual Students Essay

Implementing Policy the Protects the Rights of Homosexual Students - Essay ExampleThe GSA Network has devoted significant monetary and staffing resources to addressing the problems of discrimination, harassment, and homophobia in VUSD schools through its Fresno office. The GSA Network primarily fights homophobia and intolerance in schools by empowering ethereal, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and heterosexual members in high schools to configuration and maintain local, school-based, student-run clubs called GSAs. The GSA Network likewise encourages members to form lodge-based GSAs made up of students and supportive community members. See id. one and only(a)-hundred fifty (150) GSA clubs in Northern California and the Central Valley atomic number 18 presently registered with the GSA Network. The GSA Network connects these school- and community-based GSAs to all(prenominal) former(a) and to community resources in order to foster safe environments for student members educate st udent members and the school community about homophobia, gender identity, and sexual orientation issues and fight intolerance, discrimination, harassment, and violence in schools.It is alleged that openly fearless students are subject to severe verbal and physical harassment and suffer physical and emotional price from Defendants allegedly hostile environment. Heterosexual students are deprived of an environment that is free from hostility directed toward students who are gay or lesbian or who are perceived to be gay or lesbian. bedevilment and discrimination is alleged to be a fact of life for gay or lesbian students, or those perceived as gay or lesbian, attending schools within the VUSD, including luxurious West High School.. These students shake off been repeatedly called faggot, queer, and another(prenominal) anti-gay epithets on campus and in the classrooms, sometimes in the presence of teachers. single gay student allegedly confronted his teacher after class about stud ents making loud, derogatory, anti-gay comments in class.. The teacher told the student that he did not hear the comments and refused to do anything about them. Gay or lesbian students, or those perceived as gay or lesbian, have been spit upon by other students on the campus of Golden West. Former Golden West students, perceived to be gay, have had food, pencils, erasers, and textbooks and other objects thrown at them. One gay student was almost hit by a car driven by other student who was actively trying to run him down. See id. One student directed a termination threat to a gay student at Golden West.. Golden West students have also allegedly spray-painted the word Fag on a pickup truck of another student. One gay student at Golden West was attacked on campus by students yelling fag, queer and other derogatory terms. When the student fought back, Golden West administrators broke up the fight and led the gay student away in handcuffs. That student did not return to Golden West. S tudents are allegedly afraid to feller themselves with any openly gay students on campus for fear of being verbally and physically assaulted. Students who are gay or lesbian experience chronic psychological injury from the harassment at school each day. One gay student suffers from insomnia and lies awake each night reviewing the harassment he suffered during the day and torment about what

Effects of Media Globalization on Arab Culture Essay

Effects of Media Globalization on Arab Culture - Essay ExampleIf the information technology and media dimensions atomic number 18 prohibited from entering into their closed territories, the countries lag behind and no sylvan can have to do that. Also all countries are anxious to take advantage of the benefits of globalisation, open their culture and attractions to touristry industry, so that they could be financially benefited. Environment is an otherwise matter that belongs to all the countries of the foundation and no country could afford to stay out of this issue. Arab countries are also keen on opening up the saving to venture into highly profitable imports and exports without which they will remain backward, temporary hookup others are moving relentlessly forward. At the same time, most countries with closed cultures do not like their people to watch, learn and get influenced by other cultures. Some countries and cultures have an unfortunate view that only their culture is the best and all other cultures are unholy. Even for them it is important to take advantage of the technological improvements and discoveries from the unholy cultures. Hence, the dilemma continues and even such countries cannot tell apart to lag behind by closing their doors to globalisation and information technology and rightly so.It is important to kip down all the diverse views about globalisation, media explosion and communication on the rather cosseted world of Arab culture. There are many views and most of them are against the globalisation. This does not mean that they do not want the benefits of globalisation. They only fatality the culture to be maintained as it had been done all these centuries. It is significant to find out how they could do it, and how put upive they are in their goal. Also it is important to know how the global consumerism is catching up in the Islamic world of Arab countries. It is pertinent to peep into the women mentality and their freedom an d if there had been any effect in that field at all. Finally it is necessary to know how Lebanon is fairing under globalisation and media explosion because Lebanon is in a unique position as it is caught in the political upheaval for a long time, a crusade for supremacy with Israel, a difficult problem of maintaining and working with Hezbollah, and at the same time, trying to contain the terrorist and free-enterprise(a) fractions of the society. LITERATURE REVIEWThere is definitely broad diversity of opinions about the profit and loss of the effect of the internationalisation of non-tradition media under globalisation. In a way, Arab countries including Lebanon are trying to find political and economic solutions while trying to keep the social dimensions unchanged and this might become quite a challenging childbed eventually. Like any other country in the world, Arab countries too are living in a rapidly changing world and absolutely emotional attachment to the origins might beco me difficult and to many extent, a hindrance. There are opinions that globalisation in a way helped the Arab world to unite further. I refer, above all, to the advanced communications technology which has functioned, on the one hand, to transfer the forces of globalization to the rest of the world and, on the other, to strengthen the bonds of language, culture, customs and tradition between Arab Americans and their original homelands says Nasser in http//www.alhewar.com/HGANasser.htmIn the same language Dr. Nasser goes on

Wk 2 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wk 2 questions - Essay ExampleIn macro needs sagacitys, surveys will probably be required. In contrast, in very micro settings, consultations with the topical anaesthetic population and professional brain underside suffice to dupe a valid need assessment. This is because in very micro-settings, the community people can be convened for headcounts to substitute for surveys or census and professional judgment based on ocular inspection or rapid random sample or speed of light% physical check-ups on the population can suffice to identify health needs.If resources atomic number 18 limited hence a combination of the following can be done to make rapid needs assessment 1) underlying informant interviews 2) cerebrate group establishion 3) consultations meetings with the community, topical anesthetic authorities, and local professionals and 4) workshops with community leaders, local authorities, and local professionals. In the key-informant interviews, we focus on the local people or non-residents of the community whom we believe have an propose of the locality. For instance, community leaders and anthropologists/sociologists who have been studying the community can be classified as key informants. In a focus group discussion, we convene a small group who are ordinarily composed of people whom we can also classify as key informants to discuss needs and make an assessment of the situation or needs of the community under our supervision. In consultations meetings with the community and other stakeholders, we can convene a meeting with them even without making a distinction between key informants and non-key informants and discuss with them community needs. We ask them to identify for us what their community needs are---under our supervision, of course. Workshops are very similar with focused group discussion except that the latter are more democratic and participatory. The unities arrived at workshop are usually stake-holder driven rather than driven by

Industrial Revolution and the Emergence of Aviation Essay

Industrial regeneration and the Emergence of Aviation - Essay ExampleIn 1783, the Montgolfier brothers invented the first practical balloon that demonstrated the feather of hot air balloon (Early balloon flight in Europe). 227 years posterior in 2011, we use supersonic aircrafts that exceed the speed of sound. This rapidity in growth can be greatly attributed to the potential of industrial revolution. During the 18th and 19th century, breeze vault of heaven mainly depended upon manpower that include skilled and unskilled labor. As a result, labors were forced to spend long and tedious hours in manufacturing factories. In fact, great skill argon required flat today in aircraft designing and flying as these shapees are highly complex in nature (Aircraft design engineer). However, skilled labors were not adequately available during that time in order to cater the needs of the aviation heavens this situation prevent the growth of aviation sector. The emergence of industrial rev olution gave a new life to aviation sector since the manpower was largely replaced with machinery. Therefore, aircraft manufactures could effectively replace their unskilled workers with technically improved machinery which greatly looked them to asperse production costs to a large extent. The replacement of human labors with machinery also aided the aviation exertion to complete more tasks within a short period of time. Since the aviation sector mainly depended on human labors prior to the emergence of industrial revolution, it had production limitations. Hence, the industrial revolution contributed greatly to aviation when this process enabled the aircraft manufactures to undertake mass production. Evidently mass production can offer considerable profit to aviation industry as bulk purchase of raw materials and other large scale operations would assist the aircraft companies to minimize their production costs. Bulk production and thereby increased productivity aided the aviatio n sector to promote the air travel as a most effective way of transportation and in turn, aviation sector could realize higher rates of revenues. The industrial revolution also stimulated vocation once it had significantly reduced all production barriers. According to Talloo (2007, pp. 9-10), commerce and industrial growth are closely related concepts according to which one behind is always trying to catch up with the other. fleck going through aviation business relationship timeline, it is obvious that aircraft designers initially developed simple structures since they could not even imagine making complex aircraft parts by the application of technology. The emergence of improved technologies that are attributed to industrial revolution inspired aircraft designers to initiate more and more innovations. This inspiration was further encouraged when aircraft manufactures could effectively merchandise the broad scope of aviation. The development of rail, water transportation was an other significant milestone in the history of aviation. Canals were dug during the 18th and 19th century with intent to connect the main rivers for the easy transportation of ember and other heavy goods (History of industrial revolution). Some railway lines were also built in several places where digging canals was a difficult task. These transportation systems were very beneficial to the aviation industry as it assisted the aircraft manufactures to bring heavy weighted raw materials to the production site easily. Subsequently, percentage of farmers in the measure population declined as the industrial re

Management of a Family Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Management of a Family Business - Essay ExampleA family line of work can be described as the kind of commercial organisations where the decision-making process is often influenced by several generations of a meeting of people that ar united by marriage or blood. In many instances, these people are often identified by the particular business through ownership or the process of leadinghip. It is authorised to realize that businesses that are characterized by an effective kinship between the owner and manager cannot fall into this household of businesses because of lack of the element of marriage or blood relationship. For this reason, family businesses are those that have a unique relationship of the leaders and managers of the particular business. In the recent, studies on the growth and operations of family-run businesses have been increasing however, DeRond &Bouchikhi, explains that this is not ever easy as compared to those businesses that do not have such kinds of mutual r elationships. According to Deresky, one of the reasons that makes the exact of these businesses something quite hard depends on the fact that these businesses do not always have proper standards of business management like other businesses. On many occasions, it is the high level of trust among the managers and other leaders that drives the growth and success of these businesses. These businesses tend to lack many of the requirements for effective financial reporting additionally, very curt information is often given to the public about these businesses regarding their financial performance as well as other important aspects

Management Info Systems Class Discussion wk7 Essay

Management Info Systems severalise Discussion wk7 - Essay ExampleThe service-oriented application implements the endpoints of a fine-grained meshing service. It is easier to talk about the dissimilar types of web applications based on their use. For example, social networking websites entails Face book, Xanga. Internet search engines may involve Google, resilient mail, and yahoo. Web serve facilitate the access to internet resources. Primary services of the internet include e-mail, tenets, and posting lists (Bidgoli, 2002).Web 2.0 is the constant development of internet expertise and interface. It is a model that center of attention is towards transforming the web into a catalog through social networks and other online resources. Internet2 provides grounds for testing networking setting where learning institutions much(prenominal)(prenominal) as universities and government laboratories team up and build up highly developed Internet technologies such as digital libraries, and e ssential laboratories (Aharony, 2009). The Internet2 community at present is comprised of more than four million individuals and with more than three hundred member organizations.While the technology is growing, so is the need for better and advanced quicker Internet connections. The manner in which content is presented via the web has also changed drastically over the years. Capabilities to bold and bewilder wording in diverse colors on a web page ten years ago was something to admire but today database-driven websites, animations, online gaming and streaming, e-commerce and ar standards. The primary function of all web applications is to ease the achievement of one or more tasks (Adar, Zhang, Adamic & Lukose, 2004).The two most useful internet services are the e-mail and the mailing lists. They create the grounds for Sharing of information, Research methodology and rare sources and documents, and Findings advice. Emails are useful in that they are cost efficient, increases spe ed of information transferability

Islam and Europe Essay Example for Free

Islam and europium EssayIn modern day Europe, people fail to secure the many refers Islam has had on one of the most powerful continents in the western world. To see these impacts, we pay back to go back in history, from about 1000 C.E. to 1750 C.E. The impacts do by the Muslim world during this time have shaped Europe to the power house it is now.Most of the political impact Islam made on Europe happened during the Crusades. The Crusades began in 1095 when Pope Urban II called for the nations in Europe in unite for one cause. to begin with Pope Urbans calling, Europe was divided into civil wars, but he had called for a union. The Crusades were direct towards Muslims, concentrating on the city of Jerusalem. The Crusades brought power and recognition to the pope but as the Crusades became less successful, the pope disoriented this power and popularity. The Crusades alike brought more power to the kings. Prior to the Crusades, the kings had little power because most of the land was possess by rich aristocrats who owned small armies. During battle, these aristocrats were killed without picking an heir. Because of the lack of an heir these aristocrats had, the land was given to the king, and then crowing the kings more power.Trade brought to the Christian world by the Moslem world boosted Europes economy greatly. Before the Crusades, work in Europe was almost nonexistent, causing a negative impact on its economy. The Crusades, however, created a large influx of Muslim goods and luxuries. Want for these goods became very apparent with the rich giving the merchants the idea to create trade with the Islamic world. Preceding the 12th century, much of the Islamic and European trade was one sided, Islam exporting to Europe. However, during the 12th century, the major Islamic trading hub, Andalusia, helped Europe expand its exportation. Also, Muslims introduced and banking and credit schema into Europe.The cultural effect Islam had on Europe was very su bstantial considering the technological advancements made by the Islamic world at the time. Before 1400, the only information facilities in Europe were monasteries. The development of universities came to Europe when European scholars discoveredMuslim translation of long-lost Greek and Roman scholarship. Not only did Islam help establish schooling in Europe but it also gave new technology to the Europeans. For example in mathematics. Prior to the Islamic influence, Europeans used cumbersome roman numerals. After 1150, the Hindu-Arabic numeral system was introduced to Europe. Arabic nummerals, with an additional character for zero, gradually became standard, aiding in the development of math. They also made advancements in medicine. The European way to treat infectious illness was based on superstition. After the 1300s, medicinal knowledge developed on medical schools based on the Arabic medical encyclopedia. These advances paved the way for modern practices.These impacts made in Europe by Islam also had an effect globally. Without the development of kings gaining more power, our government today would be completely different, as well as our social classes. This medieval trade to Europe from the Islamic world comes to today with the oil trade. The mathematical advancements made by Arabic Empires gave us our modern understanding of all types of math same with medicine. These effects did not only impact Europe but the entire world, modern and historical.

Young Goodman Brown Essay Example for Free

little Goodman brownish EssayYoung Goodman browned is a story scripted by Nathaniel Hawthorne with many interpretations. It is a story of Young Goodman Browns adventure that many deal was a journey away from home. Some people be lieve that he was trying to get at the community and everyday social life. One way to interpret it is that Young Goodman Brown was simply victorious a journey in his sleep a breathing in. When reading this story, there are many ship canal to interpret it as a ambitiousness. Hawthorne says, Young Goodman Brown came forth, at sunset, into the street of Salem (1289) which could liter every(prenominal)y entertain the sun is setting and that night is coming upon him.He alike says that Brown put his head spine (1289) which could write him lying down before bed. After this, he kisses his wife combine, and leaves her to go on his journey. I feel that he is really kissing her effectualnight before he goes to sleep. When he looked corroborate, and saw the head of the reliance still peeping after him, he is really opening his eyes and see that she is still awake. When Goodman Brown sees that Faith is still awake he says God bless you and you may find all well, when you come back (1289), I interpreted all this as Goodman Brown had been cheating on Faith.In the beginning of the story, Goodman Brown came forth (1289), or came home, meaning he had not been there the whole time. Goodman Brown even asks Faith, dost mebibyte doubt me already, and we precisely three months married Stating the fact that she is starting to doubt Goodman Brown and their relationship. I also interpreted the wifes name Faith as faith in their relationship. Goodman Browns dream begins when he leaves her Faith on such an errand (1289). Leaving her could either be the realization of his cheating, or him locomote asleep.When he begins to describe his journey, he says that he had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest It was as lonely as could be and there was peculiarity in such a solitude, that the traveler knows not who may be concealed by the innumerable trunks and the thick boughs smash so that, with lonely footsteps he may yet be passing through an unseen mass (1289). The dreary, gloomy, lonely road represents the road in which he has decided to take by cheating.The people macrocosm concealed by the tree trunks represent possible friends of Faiths that could catch Goodman Brown and tell his wife. The unseen multitude signifies the many lovers. Later in the story, Goodman Brown meets up with his companion that is never given a name. I interpreted the companion as not the devil, which he is portrayed as, but the temptation to cheat. The character is described to have a staff, which bears the likeness of a great black glide (1290) which symbolizes deceitfulness when portrayed in stories.When Goodman Brown and the traveler approach the elderly woman, she screams The Devil (1291) The last referenc e is when the companion plucked a branch of maplebegan to strip the twigsbut the moment his fingers touched them, they became strangely withered and dry up. (1292). This represents the traveler taking something good (Goodman Browns marriage) and turning it into something bad by his touch or the act of cheating. After cheating for a while, Goodman Brown is able to break away from habit and go off into the forest. The dream continues and soon sees people he knows from town and hears Faiths sorrowful phonation surround Goodman Brown.Faith asks him for a favor that she seems to think is unattainable and the unseen multitude (earlier described as many lovers) is encouraging her. Goodman Brown starts to shout in desperation and accredits Faith is gone. At that point his dream turns into a nightmare. Goodman Brown laughed, when the wind laughed at him (1294) and there could be nothing more frightful than the foreshadow of Goodman Brown. (1294) In his dream, Goodman Brown attended chu rch the next day and did not see Faith. Goodman than glanced at his discolor wife, and Faith at him. He then told her to resist the wicked one (1297).This could be interpreted as Faiths opportunity to cheat and Goodman Brown telling her not too. Goodman Brown soon staggered against a rock and felt it chill and damp, while a hanging twig, that had been all on fire, besprinkled his cheek with the coldest dew. (1297) This dampen of the story could be interpreted as him waking up from his dream because he goes back to where the dream began. At the end of the story, Goodman Brown asks himself if he had fallen asleep in the forest, or only dreamed He shrank from the bosom of Faithscowled and muttered to himself, and gazed sternly at his wife, and turned away (1298).Goodman Brown realizes his life has been a lie and begins to resent every moment he has with Faith after the realization of his dream. When he dies, they carve no hopeful verse upon his tomb-stone for his dying hour was in gloom. Goodman Browns dream changed his life. It made him realize that he had been cheating on Faith, but she, in turn, had the chance to make the same mistake. When he awakens, he loathes his actions he has previously committed and makes his life not only miserable for himself, but for Faith and their family. Young Goodman Brown was young when he fell in love with Faith, but not a good man at all.

Tobacco Prevention Essay Example for Free

tobacco Prevention EssayOver the past 50 historic period America has increased its level of knowledge towards the physical exertion of tobacco as well as compound its cessation techniques through the drug abuse of music and researched programs. Despite these advancements have has hold ond to be a unhealthful problem to the American normal. According to the CDC, ab turn out 1,000 persons younger than 18 years of age begin have on a daily basis. 1 M all of the cessation programs directed at offsprings be tranquilize young and creating names for themselves. As a result of all the research that has been done regarding the cessation programs for offsprings, lead impelling steps have been prime. First, screen for tobacco dependency within families second, educate pargonnts about the dangers of take in and second hand forage and third, counsel and the use of prescription medication. While these three techniques have been be to be effective they argon not a 100% guara ntee and they dont address the major(ip) trim bulge of actually pointting the youths themselves to the programs. inquiry has extensively documented the harms of tobacco to people, specifi listy youths but none of it has halt the tobacco industry from creating advertisements intended for youths.According to the World Health Organization Tobacco companies must(prenominal) get a new eneration of tobacco users to survive. The industry constantly loses customers because galore(postnominal) current heaterrs stop smoking or die from tobacco-related diseases. As a result, tobacco companies develop massive marketing campaigns to entice youth to good deal and fuck off long-term wood pussyrs. 2 To p arents, teacher and politicians the youth are the future of our country, to tobacco companies the youth are the future of their business and their postulates for survival.The problem of youth smoking is one that we cannot ignore and must continue to attack. As a whole Health take pr ofessionals, overnment lobbyist groups, insurance companies and approximately important the youth themselves all must re-commit themselves to exterminate this persistent problem at hand. Out of the 4,000 chemicals found in cigarettes, nicotine is often referred to as the more or less(prenominal) dangerous one. It is not regarded as being incredible dangerous to someones health but is feared by many people because extremely addictive.When smoke is inhaled that contains nicotine, the nicotine reaches the brain in a mere six seconds. When employ in small doses nicotine acts as a stimulant to the brain or a sum amount that raises the levels of physiological application in the body. In large doses it acts as a depressant and hinders the current of signals in the nervous arrangement. Those substances which we call drugs cause their effects by mimicking some substance that naturally occurs in the body or by interfering with some process which naturally goes on.Nicotine acts in th e former manner, by mimicking a naturally occurring substance in the body. 3 The substance that nicotine imitates is the chemical neurotransmitter acetylcho business sector. Each neuron has a protein, which is called a receptor, when nicotine is inhaled they attach on to these receptors in the place of acetylcholine. When nicotine binds to these receptors, like any other drugs they cause changes in the body. The primary changes that occur in the body due to nicotine inhalation are increases in the blood pressure and heart appreciate. Nicotine besides nas mind-blowing ettects or m -altering ettect upon use.The surrender of dopamine during the use of nicotine is a major contributor to the drugs full(prenominal)ly addictive qualities. Dopamine is a chemical neurotransmitter that is naturally released in the body during a pleasurable experience. The nicotine released when smoking cigarettes release dopamine leaving the smoker with the skin senses of extreme leasure, resulting in t he desire to feel that instruction often. The unworthy genius of this drug is that while it produces dopamine it impedes the production of monoamine oxidase, which is responsible for the natural process of breaking down dopamine.The ability for nicotine to block the production of monoamine oxidase wears off short after the end of use, this fact causes the smokers to continue to get the urge to smoke and feel heightened levels of dopamine. 4 Nicotine dependence is defined as an addiction to tobacco products caused by the drug nicotine, misbegottening you cant stop using the substance despite the knowledge hat is causing you harm. The united States Department of Health and Human Services have concluded that for most youths its takes 2-3 years to become nicotine dependent but as few as 100 cigarettes to become addicted. In 2010 about 2. 6 American adolescents (aged 12-17) reported using a tobacco product in the month prior to the survey. In that same year it was found that nearly 6 0 percent of new smokers were under the age of 18 when they first smoked a cigarette. Of smokers under the age of 18 more on that pointfore 6 trillion will likely die prematurely from a smoking- related disease. 6 There are dickens primary influences that cause adolescents to susceptible to developing nicotine dependence, the first being peer pressure.Peer pressure is a fact of life and inevitable in your childhood and adolescence. Wheatear a person is conscious or not towards the pressure the choices and behaviors peers make affect the surrounding peers. According to Phillip Morris USA youths with at least three friends who smoke are 10 times more likely pick up the habit than youths who have friends that do not smoke. 7 The other influence that causes adolescents to be more susceptible to nicotine ependence than adults is not a psychosocial fixings but a biological one.There are biological differences in adults and adolescents that leave adolescents more assailable to nicoti ne addition. Much of the research done in this sector has been executed with the use of adolescent rats and adult rats for safe reasons. Adolescent rats are more susceptible to reinforcing effects of nicotine that adult rats, and take more nicotine when it is available than do adult animals. 8 An animal study done by the National Institute on medicate Abuse has reported the disallow affects that acetaldehyde has on smokers, specifically adolescents.The study found that acetaldehyde, an organic chemical compound found in cigarettes dramatically increases the reinforcing properties of nicotine and may also contribute to tobacco addiction. It was also found that acetaldehyde has an age- related effect and was far more drastic in the adolescent animals brains than the adult animals. 9 In 2009 the Philadelphia Department of Health conducted a study that found the high aim smoking account was higher in Philadelphia then any other large city. The smoking rate for high coach students was 3. %, the racial breakdown of those statistics were 1. % of African Americans, 3. 1% of Hispanics and 15. 6% of Caucasians. 10 There are dickens important contributors that lead Philadelphia to have the highest high prepare smoking rate cigarettes are cheaper in Philadelphia then any other major city and the prevalence of tobacco retailers in Philadelphia, there are 27 retailers for both 1,000 youth between the ages 10-17. 11 Pennsylvania ranked 19th in the country for price of cigarettes with an ordinary of 5. 85 per pack, about 5$ behind New York which was ranked 1st. 2 To formulate national statistics the CDC uses the selective information from the National Youth Tobacco Survey. The National Youth Tobacco Survey is our countries most effective way of measuring youth tobacco use. It is a school- based, self- administered questionnaire given to middle school students (6th to 8th grade) and high school students (9th- 12th grade). It has been given every 2 years since 2000 and is used by the Healthy People base to keep track of the 2020 goal it has set. In 2011 the use of all types of tobacco for middle school and high school 7. 1% and 23. % respectively and the prevalence of specific cigarette use was 4. 3% for middle school students and 18. 1% for high school students. 13 The Healthy People oals for 2020 were set in 2009 when the cigarette use rate for high school students was at 19. 5%, the overall goal is to get it down to 16% by 2020. 14 In order to reach the goals set for 2020 it is crucial that the countries cessation programs are doing their part. Research has shown that the most effective method for youths to quit smoking is a binary method, both behavioral techniques and medication use.In terms of medication use there are two types of medicinal categories, first- line and second- line. First-line medications are the ones that tend to be used first by smokers trying to quit and second-line medications are used if the irst- line medications p rove inadequate. The most simplistic first-line medications are over-the-counter and come in the form of nicotine gum, patches and lozenges. The gums, patches and lozenges all offers doses of nicotine, jump with the highest dose the smoker is supposed to reduce dose over-time with the hopes of eventual nicotine independence.Nicotine Inhalers and Nicotine nasal spray are also first- line medications that work in the same way as the gum, lozenge and patch but are prescription rather then over-the-counter. Bupropion and Varenicline are two other forms of first-line medications that are also prescription. Bupropion also cognize as Zyban and Varenicline also known as Chantix both work to reduce the symptoms of nicotine with nurseal and reduce the urges smokers feel. The two second-line medications are Nortriptyline known as Aventyl and Clonidine known as Catapres.Aventyl is traditionally used to teat depression but has also prove victoryful with tobacco cessation efforts and Catapre s is generally used to treat high blood pressue, but like Aventyl has shown effective in tobacco cessation. 1 5 The behavioral techniques that are used in tobacco cessation come in two forms, an noise style and a program style. The current research efforts that have been done regarding the intervention methods of cessation are deficient. There is simply a lack of shew- based interventions, which makes it very difficult to Judge the succeeder as well as improve the programs.This issue was addressed with the Canadian Tobacco Control Research Initiative, which came up with the better practices model. The better practices model is based on the idea that successful solutions to complex problems must draw from both science and experience. 16 The Canadian Tobacco Control Research Initiative came out with guidelines on what ssues should be used while developing cessation interventions. As time passes with these new guidelines and more evidence based interventions occur it shouldnt ta lon g to specify what are the best methods for success. 6 Programs can be more accurately researched because their data is much more accessible. A cessation program can mean many different things, ranging from face to face centering, telephone counseling, Internet counseling and group counseling. The most effective forms of counseling have been face-to-face counseling as well as group counseling. Telephone counseling is relatively new but has showed success in its short life. Regardless of how the counseling has been delivered the technique that has been proved to be the most effective is the problem-solving approach.The problem-solving approach asks smokers to signify of times they are likely to smoke and then planning what to do to distract themselves from the urge to smoke. 17 Social support such as fosterment and caring has not surprisingly been proven effective ways to help cessation. N-O-T, Not on Tobacco is the American Lung Associations voluntary rogram for teens that want t o quit smoking has proven to be successful in the past. It is the most researched, most widely used and most successful program in the United States. (YTC) N-O-T has 7 major characteristics that have made it to successful 18 1.Allows teens to volunteer to participate 2. Includes group activities 3. Has separate activities for boys and girls 4. Uses a total health approach 5. Consists of 10 session and can be used in school and association settings 6. Is based on more then 10 years of research 7. Is proven effective, has a 21% quit rate, higher then any other program N-O-T evelops skills, confidence and support ashes that teenagers need in order to quit. They understand that one of the keys to quitting smoking is to have the ability to keep your life the same without the use of cigarettes.By doing this and aiding the teens in other problems other then the smoking such as despotic weight after quitting and managing stress they have been successful. While there has been success in the cessation programs there is clearly an incredible amount of room for improvement. The most effective way to drastically improve success is creating a more accessible environment to programs. Although many youth think about and attempt to quit tobacco many are unaware of or unable to access cessation services. Also, many youth do not think quitting tobacco is difficult enough to warrant professional assistance. 19 The most important thing we can do moving forward is to better recruit youth who smoke and use tobacco. Recruiting for programs such as these should be very specific and focus are the target audience. utilize the data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey it can be fgured out which ethnicity has the most smokers and enlisting techniques should be in accordance ith those number. An effective way to do this would be to tap in to precedent existing social net whole caboodle in a community, such as a club or a sports team.While your peers can be the reason you start smok ing as a result of negative pressure they can also be the reason you quit as a result of arrogant pressure. Offering inducements can also be a useful technique for recruitment, offering something like pizza at meetings could raise the attendance and access. Even if the child goes into the meeting with the sole intent of getting the incentive they are still exposed to cessation efforts. One last ecruitment technique can be to use other teens as recruiters. It will give a more personalized appearance and give you the feeling that you will not be alone.It is also on the shoulders of the health insurance companies and the health care system to provide access to these youths. All health insurance policies should cover any cessation program or method used by teens to quit smoking, the high prices of some medications and some counseling practices can admonish youths from making an attempt to quit. It should be the standard that all health care services monitor and care for nicotine depe ndency. It falls on a combination of the government, healthcare systems and public health agencies to formulate a system that can effectively treat youth nicotine dependence.It is also extremely important that high schools are smoke free the majority of youths time is spent, as schools and creating a smoke- free environment will deter smoking amongst youth. Another way to improve the current youth cessation programs in to apply adult programs to youth specifically for interventions, the most lacking in research of all methods. Due to this lack of research on youth interventions we can use what has been proven effective with adults. The United States Public Health System has provided the public specifically adults with recommendations that have proved successful.These recommendations include It is essential that clinicians and health care manner of speaking systems consistently bring out and document tobacco use status and treat every tobacco user seen in a health care setting, Tel ephone quitline counseling is effective with diverse populations and has broad reach. Therefore, clinicians and health care delivery systems should both ensure patient access to quitlines and promote quitline use along with eight other proven effective recommendations. 0 As spoken about previously there are biological differences are one of the many things that vary between youth and adults.These differences could lead to a lack of success and should encourage counselors to use adult recommendations carefully. As a country we should be encouraged by the amount of success youth cessations programs have had but also motivated to continue to improve them. While it is unrealistic to think there will be a time when there are no smokers on this soil that should be our goal. We should aim for a 0% high school smoking rate because that will puzzle people to continue to find successful methods.If we live with the goal of a 0% smoking rate five or ten years down the road when we think at w hat the youth smoking is and look at its decline, it will be drastic. If you think about it in terms of a professional baseball pitcher, he goes into each game with the mindset of pitching a perfect game and works each day towards that goal. In hindsight with a more realistic mindset he can look back on his performance and see that getting 24 out of 27 men out rather then 27 out of 27 is still a success. Cessation is not an hands-down process and the only thing that can make it easier is a more committed effort by all parties involved.

The Book Thief Essay Example for Free

The Book Thief EssayOne of the primary(prenominal) themes of the Book Thief is how the use of words, for good or for evil, can change everything. His choice to use expiration as a narrator was a great idea, as Death watches, and can describe from some(prenominal) points of view what he sees, and his use of words is very powerful. Markus Zusak uses metaphors and some personification to paint a ikon of Nazi Germany. With his powerful descriptions, the setting is easy to visualize. As an example, on p. 7, Death describes Himmel street as buildings wait to be glued together, to the highest degreely small houses and apartment blocks that look nervous. There is murky snow dissipate out like carpet. There is concrete, empty hat-stand trees, and gray air. With this description, the reader can infer that Himmel streets buildings be crowded in together, the trees are bare and leafless, and that the day is cold and gray. Using imagery, Markus Zusak has created a clear insure of Naz i Germany. Words can be used in good ways, to bring peace and joy to peoples hearts, if they are spoken correctly.Markus Zusak conveys this idea throughout the book, with the little stories Max writes for Liesel, and the weather reports Liesel gives to Max every day. Markus Zusak take down shows how books, or rather the words in them, can make a person feel bright or upset. On p. 134, Markus Zusak describes Liesels love for books with There were all different styles and sizes of lettering on the spines of the black, the red, the gray, the every-colored books. It was one of the most beautiful things Liesel Meminger had ever seen.Markus Zusak also conveys how words can be used for good, when Liesel is describing the weather to Max. Her words urge him up. On p. 249, Liesel says, The sky is blue today, Max, and there is a big long cloud, and its stretched out, like a rope. At the end of it, the sun is like a yellow hole. Weather reports such as these throughout the composition oft en make Max happy, even in his situation. Markus Zusak also stresses the idea that words can be used for evil. In the book, Max writes a stratum, the Word Shaker beginning on p. 445.An excerpt from this story is, Hed seen a mother walking with her child. At one point, she admonished the small boy, until finally, he began to cry. Within a fewer minutes, she spoke very softly to him, after which he was soothed and even smiled. The young man rushed to the charwoman and embraced her. Words He grinned. The Fuhrer has decided that he will rule the world, using the power of words to follow up his evil desires. Through the use of metaphors, imagery, and symbolism, Markus Zusak shows the power of words, and how they affect individuals, and even the whole world.

Organization Behavior Essay Example for Free

Organization Behavior Essay Anne Mulcahy at the age of 23 she was the director of human resources, organize of the abscond She spent her first 16 years telephoners fledging desktop computer business, and chief in sales, therefore eight years in an assortment of management of staff to Xeroxs CEO. She never aspired to run Xerox nor she was educate to be CEO. In 2001 she became the CEO of Xerox. She accepted the send when the comp each was in horrible monetary shape. It had $17.1 one million million million in debt and only $154 million in cash. It was about to begin seven straight quarters of losses. Mulcahy tangle a deep loyalty to the lodge. She felt an obligation to do everything in her power to save Xerox. trading and loyalty compelled her to take a excogitate that nobody else really wanted, despite the fact that she had zero preparation. She didnt see financial analysis. She had no MBA and her undergraduate degree was in English/journalism. So she asked the frie ndships director of corporate pay to piddle her a cram course in Balance Sheet 101. He helped her to understand debt structure, stock certificate trends, and the preserve of taxes and currency rates. This allowed her to see what would gen successionte cash and how each of her decisions would affect the balance sheet. Mulcahy says now that her neediness of didactics had its advantages. She had no preconceived notions, no time to develop bad habits. She appealed to employees with missionary zeal, in videos and in person to save each dollar as if it were your own. In 2002, for character, she gave all employees their birthdays an off. The gentle pressure was time of origin Mulcahy Work hard, measure the results, tell the truth, and be brutally honest. After less than two years as CEO, Mulcahy has made startling progress in turning Xerox around. Employees appreciated her truthful and straightforward style. They similarly a corresponding(p)d the fact that she was willing to count erfeit shoulder to shoulder with subordinates She was working hard, people felt have to work harder too. But Mulcahy is no softy. Shes smart, energetic, tough but passionate. She showed the ability to make hard decisions. For instance, she slashed be in part by cutting Xeroxs workforce by 30 percent and she shut down desktop division. She oversaw the streamlining of production, new investment in research and development, and restructured the sales force so vague lines of strength became clear. She met with bankers and customers. In 2003, Xerox had had four straight quarters of operating profits. The partnerships stock was up to $11 a share. And while Xeroxs future was still far from secure, at least it was beginning to look like the company would have future. 1. How did Anne Mulcahy create trust with employees after becoming CEO? We see that Anne Mulcahy is the ultimate loyal employee in Xerox. She represented herself as a Savior who would deliver them from the storm though sh e didnt have any vision nor she was trained but she was determined in doing her task. Duty and loyalty compelled her to take a job that nobody else really wanted. Though she didnt have any knowledge in financial aspects she erudite in the short span of time and took initiative to cut costs by using strategies like reducing the work force, which was a smart move of cutting cost, and she restructured sales force, etc. She appealed to employees with missionary zeal, in videos and in person to save each dollar as if it were your own She believed in these words that it is an era to work hard, measure the results, tell the truth, and be brutally honest. That is how employees, appreciated her truthful and straightforward style. They also like the fact that she was willing to work shoulder to shoulder with subordinates2.Did Mulcahy have a vision for Xerox? Explain.Anne Mulcahy had no vision or any aspiration to run Xerox. We can see this as initially when the Xeroxs poster chose her as C EO of Xerox. She was neither groomed nor aspired for this position. But she accepted the position with a mixed feeling. She took the position when the company was dooming. She had a deep loyalty to the company and she realized her responsibility to save Xerox although she was not prepared.But she had a determination to save Xerox.3. What qualities do you think helped Mulcahy to affect the turnaround at Xerox? Charismatic quality She has an inborn quality to stand in any kind of situation that is a special quality of determination to serve her company. She also had inner qualities like self-confidence, Problem-solving ability. When she took the position of CEO the company was in horrible financial shape. A leader needs lots of self-confidence in such(prenominal) situation, which Anne Mulcahy had. She stood to save her company and sole the crisis. Mulcahy wasnt groomed for the CEO position is a true understatement. For instance, she didnt know financial analysis. She had no MBA and h er undergraduate degree was in English/journalism. So she asked the companys director of corporate finance to give her a cram course in Balance Sheet 101. He helped her to understand debt structure, inventory trends, and the impact of taxes and currency rates. This allowed her to see what would generate cash and how each of her decisions would affect the balance sheet. Mulcahy says now that her lack of training had its advantages. She had no preconceived notions, no time to develop bad habits. Passionate She was passionate in doing her work and also influenced others to follow her and she believed that employees should Work hard, measure the results, tell the truth, and be brutally honest. She also had other qualities like smartness, energetic, tough but passionate4.What does this baptistery say about leadership experience?Through this case we can see that Anne Mulcahy is a successful leader. Why a leader? Because she was a shepherd to her company leading her sheeps. And Anne Mulc ahy is said to be a leader as she lead her people to follow her.A Leader is an individual person who initiates and implements that is what Anne Mulcahy did. She can be called a Transformational leader as she implemented changes. For instance she slashed costs in part by cutting Xeroxs workforce by 30 percent and she shut down desktop division.She oversaw the streamlining of production, new investment in research and development, an restructured the sales force so vague lines of authority became clear. She met with bankers and customers. Most importantly, she traveled. She galvanized the troops visiting Xerox officessometimes hitting three cities a dayand inspiring employees.This is what matters as a leader to influence people to follow them. And she led her company from rags to riches

Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Foods Essay Example for Free

Pros and Cons of genic totallyy Modified Foods renderOur ancestors first cultivated plants some ten thousand years ago. They domesticated wolfs later and then discriminatingly bred both plants and animals to meet various requirements for human food. Humans discovered natural biological processes such(prenominal) as fermentation of fruits and grains to make wine and beer, and yeast for baking bread. Manipulation of foods is not a untried story, therefore. The current artless discovery uses catching engineering technology to modify foods.Farmers and plant breeders commit been changing wreak plants to improve characteristics such as size, turn downance to disease and taste. Plants which grow well, have a higher give or taste better be selected and bred from. This is still the most widely employ technique for ontogeny new varieties of a crop, and is limited by natural barriers which stop different species of organisms from breeding with each early(a). divisortic re vision is very different to these traditional plant breeding techniques. contractable modification is the insertion of desoxyribonucleic acid from one organism to another, usually by molecular technologies. genetically Modified Foods (GMF) are animals or plants that have had genetic modification. This changes the characteristics of the organism, or the way it grows and sustains.Jim Maryanski from the U.S. Food and do drugs Administration, had the following to say in an interview published on the FDAs website.There are hundreds of new plant varieties introduced every year in the United States, and all have been genetically modified through traditional plant breeding techniquessuch as cross-fertilization of selected plantsto stimulate desired traits. (Robin)Current and future GM products includea)Food that bath deliver vaccines bananas that produce hepatitis B vaccineb)More nutritious foods strain with increased iron and vitaminsc)Faster growing fish, fruit and nut treesd)Pla nts producing new plasticsIn so many respects, genetic modification is perfect for todays society. It would help agriculturalists overcome all headaches associated with growing large crops, and basically tailor the food reaping industry to mass consumption by the general population. The famous frost-resistant tomato example is perfect in illustrating this point.With a tomato thatresists frost, the season for growing them would be longer and therefore a farmer would be able to produce much tomatoes in one year than they were able to do in the past. Gene technology not only gives us the potential to select the exact characteristics we want in an organism, however it also enables us to cross species barriers. For example, we female genitalia take an insecticide-producing gene from a bacterium and insert it into a plant, making the plant resistant to insect attack. This new-found ability to cross species barriers is what makes gene technology such a powerful tool. Producing enough food for the worlds population without using up all the operable land is an ample challenge. One solution is to develop crops that yield more(prenominal) with fewer inputs that are more resistant to diseases that fail less during storage and transport that contain more useful nutrients and that can grow in agricultural land that has been degraded. Gene technology gives us the potential to do this.Genetically modified foods have been available since the 1990s. The principal ingredients of GM foods currently available are derived from genetically modified soybean, stinker and canola. The first commercially grown genetically modified food crop was a tomato created by Calgene called the FlavrSavr. Calgene submitted it to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for assessment in 1992 following the FDAs determination that the FlavrSavr was, in fact, a tomato, did not constitute a wellness hazard, and did not need to be labeled to usher it was genetically modified, Calgene releas ed it into the market in 1994, where it met with smaller public comment. Considered to have a poor flavor, it never sold well and was off the market by 1997. However, it had improved solids contents which made it an attractive new variety for canned tomatoes.Transgenic crops are grown commercially or in field trials in over 40 countries and on 6 continents. In 2000, somewhat 109.2 gazillion ground (442,000 km) were planted with transgenic crops, the principal ones being herbicide- and insecticide-resistant soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola. Other crops grown commercially or field-tested are a sweet potato resistant to a US strain of a computer virus that affects one out of the more than 89 different varieties of sweet potato grown in Africa, sieve with increased iron andvitamins such as golden rice, and a variety of plants able to survive fundamental weather.Between 1996 and 2001, the total surface area of land cultivated with GMOs had increased by a actor of 30, from 17,000 km (4.2 million acres) to 520,000 km (128 million acres). The value for 2002 was 145 million acres (587,000 km) and for 2003 was 167 million acres (676,000 km). Soybean crop represented 63% of total surface in 2001, maize 19%, cotton 13% and canola 5%. In 2004, the value was about 200 million acres (809,000 km) of which 2/3 were in the United States.In particular, Bt corn is widely grown, as are soybeans genetically knowing to tolerate glyphosate herbicides. Future applications of GMOs include bananas that produce human vaccines against infectious diseases such as Hepatitis B, fish that mature more quickly, fruit and nut trees that yield years earlier, and plants that produce new plastics with odd properties. The next decade forget see exponential progress in GM product learning as researchers gain increasing and unprecedented access to genomic resources that are applicable to organisms beyond the scope of undivided projects.Biologist Stephen Nottingham explains the risks of G MFExperimental trials with transgenic organisms are usually conducted strict regulations to minimize the potential spread of genetic satisfyingEven given these regulations, however, no field trial can be said to be snow% secure. This was illustrated when flooding struck the American Midwest in July 1993 and an entire field of experimental insect-resistant maize was move away in Iowa. once released accidentally into the environment, plant material may prove difficult to recover. (Bragi)Unique ecological risks have been associated with virus-resistant transgenic crop plantsleaving crops more vulnerable to virus attack and risking the spread of virus efficiency to other plants.Genetically modified foods are unlikely to present direct risks to human health. There are two main areas of concerna)The possibility of allergic reactions to genetically modified foods, andb)The possibility that bacteria financial support in the human gut may acquire subway to antibiotics from markergenes present in transgenic plants.Proponents fill that a genetically-modified potato is as safe as one modified the old-fashioned way, through generations of selective breeding bioengineering just gets the job done more quickly. Critics are concerned that mixing in concert genetic material from different species might produce unexpected allergic reactions in the person who take in or drinks it. For instance, if an individual consumer who is allergic to broccoli eats a banana that just happens to have a little broccoli DNA under the peel, that person might get sick. Some studies on animals indicate that consuming genetically-modified foods may cause allergic responses, compromise immune systems and inhibit organ growth, although no prove cases of widespread reactions have been importantly documented.Opponents of biotech foods want other questions answered, as well. pass on re-engineering a plant or animal to serve a specific end, such as improving taste, decrease its nutritional va lue? Will consuming genetically-modified food products make a person more resistant to antibiotics, which are widely apply to treat bacterial infections? Does consuming milk or meat from livestock that has been injected with growth hormones (a form of biotechnology that is different from genetic modification) subject consumers to early puberty, cancer, and other ailments?Since neither side has been able to provide definitive answers, the jury is still out on food safety after all, genetic technology itself is just now decades old.So one can condense the issue into a single question should we move away with new technologies that might help provide higher crop yields, new and interesting types of food products, and more profits for the companies that own the technology or play it safe and wait until we better understand the health and environmental consequences of manipulating life forms that took generations to develop?Multinational Corporations upbeat because GMF can be very pro fitable. GMF have interpreted hold quickly because multinational corporations with the resources to make large financial investments in research and development can profit directly. Multinational companies can spread out the benefit and profit to many branches of their line of merchandisees. Many such corporations combine the following an agrochemical caller-up, a seedcompany, a pharmaceutical company, a food processing company and sometimes businesses involved with veterinary products. Developments in one part of the corporation can be used to plow products in another branch.Farmers benefit in the short term because they can grow and sell more crops with fewer problems due to weeds, pests, fungi or frost. The genetically modified seed is designed to resist these traditional enemies.Food processing companies benefit from a ready supply of raw food ingredients designed for specific processing necessarily. Genetically modified tomatoes and potatoes, for instance, have higher solid contents and yield more sauces and French fries. These foods take longer to ripen and rot. Thus less food is spoiled and more gets processed.Supermarkets benefit for the same reasons. The fresh produce lasts longer on the shelves and is more profitable. Consumers, to date, havent benefited. GMF have been developed for the convenience of the maker and processor. Yet they cost more to produce and the costs get passed along to the consumer. Eventually there will be some kind of designer novelty foods for shoppers to try.Nottingham adds that there are many other concerns including respectable questions involving animal welfare, whether DNA is actual life, and intellectual property rights and genetic resources from the Third World. (Bragi)The worlds poorest nations account for around 95.7% of the worlds genetic resources. Traditional farming implements involve farmers retaining seeds, from the harvest of one years crop, for planting in the following year. This practice saves money on buying seed and in itself represents a continuous selection for yield and resistance to pests and diseases. However, with genetically modified seed, royalties are payable to the companies holding the patent for the seed. Under world trade covenant rulings, farmers have to make substantial royalty payments to multinational companies if they keep seed for replanting, even if the crop happens to be native to their particular country.Genetic engineering is a valuable new technology that can develop more plentiful and nutritious foods, with great potential benefits for humanity and the environment, and this new scientific discovery needs to be implemented as quickly as possible for humanitarian reasons. As with every new scientific technology, harmful side effects of genetic engineering are inevitable and great deal out should be taken in its implementation, including carefully controlled long-term tests on human health and environmental impacts. whole genetically engineered foods hav e been thoroughly tested and demonstrated to be safe before they are released into the marketplace. However, this interrogatory is typically conducted only on rats and other animals, by the companies involved. Very little of this research has been reviewed by self-sufficing scientists and then published in scientific journals.Genetically engineered foods are usually substantially equivalent to other foods, with no increased risk to human health, and no need for the lengthy and expensive human interrogation demanded of, for example, new food additives. However, the unpredictable disruptions in normal DNA functioning caused by genetic engineering can produce unanticipated and unknown side effects for human health, including unknown and unpredictable toxins and allergens, and these possibilities can only be definitively assessed through human testing.Genetic engineering is a scientific and technological process, and its paygrade and governmental regulation should be based on stric tly scientific and objective criteria. To have a purely scientific evaluation of genetically engineered foods, we need more science, especially human studies and environmental studies. Moreover, purely scientific assessment of genetic engineering ignores the fact that, for many people, food has cultural, ethical and religious dimensions that mustiness also be considered.Alan McHughen, author of Pandoras Picnic Basket The Potential and Hazards of Genetically Modified Foods, in the origination he statesMake no mistake I am in favor of an orderly and befittingly regulated introduction of some GMOs into the environment and marketplace, and Iadamantly oppose others. There are in effect(p) reasons to ban certain products of genetic technology, and good reasons to allow, with management, certain others some may require no surpassing regulation at all. If your opinion differs from mine after reading this book, I hope you will be able to justify, if only to yourself, why we disagree.My philosophy is to be skeptical, be critical, even cynical of claims by business interests, government agencies, and activist groups. But also keep an open mind and then decide for yourself. (Internet 7)Theres no doubt that the GM food supply should be closely monitored and regulated, but that doesnt have in mind it should all be banned. I believe that genetic engineering of plants, animals, and humans has much to offer as long as we are aware of potential benefits and side effects. And thats true even for more traditional methods of farming, animal husbandry, and medicine.Work Sited1.Cummings, Michael R., and Williams S. Klug. Concepts of Genetics. New Delhi Pearson Education, 2004.2.Dubey, R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. New Delhi S. Chand, 20063.Kumar, H.D. Modern Concepts of Biotechnology. New Delhi Vikash publication House, 20034.Purohit, S. Agricultural Biotechnology. India Agrobios, 20055.Purohit, S. Biotechnology Fundamental and Applications. India Agrobios, 2004Internet Re ference1.Bragi, David. Food Savior Or Frankenfood? The Debate Over Genetically Modified Foods. http//www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/gate/archive/2001/06/25/healthwatch.DTL2.Robbin, Adria. What Are We Eating? http//serendip.brynmawr.edu/biology/b103/f00/web1/robbin.html3.Schultz, Norman. http//www.beyondintractability.org/essay/fact_finding_limits/4.Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia. http//www.wikipedia.org/wiki/genetic_engineering5.Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia. http//www.wikipedia.org/wiki/genetically_modified_food6.Genetic Engineering The Controversy. http//www.genetic-id.com/prosncons/index.htm7.http//www.foodmuseum.com/issues.html

Ideology and work choices Essay Example for Free

ideology and work choices Essay tug laws come from a body of administrative rulings, laws and regulations that atomic number 18 meant to address the legal rights and restrictions of workers and their organizations/ employers. These laws help in improving the relationship between employers, trade unions and employees. Since the nineteenth century, labour rights redeem been playing a crucial role in the development of the industrial vicissitude two socially and economically.These labour laws arose due to the inequality that existed between employees and employees especially when it came to workers demands for better conditions care health, safety device and earnings and employers demands for reduced labour costs. Therefore, labour laws are meant to e fair to both parties (employers and employees) thus, they are both a product and a component of different struggles between different interests in society. (Plowman, and Preston, 2005) OverviewOn seventh December 2005, the Aust ralian Government under Prime Minister John Howard secured passage through the Australian parliament of Workplace Relations Amendment Act 2005. This legislation result greatly affect the conduct of Australian industrial relations. It ordain too greatly influence the way that the rules that regulate fight relationship in Australia are do and implemented. However, a complete analysis of these reforms has not been made. (Bray et al 2005)The reason why these reforms had to be made was to ensure that the loopholes and strategies that unions had developed since the Workplace Relations Act 1996 were closed off. The Australian labor ships company identified industrial relations gaps between what it and Howards government stood for. The labors policy program focused on four major things encourage family friendly body of works, improving job security, assist parties to suspend and resolve disputes (ALP 2004) and restore the right to bar set ahead collectively.In the 1970s, the Austra lian economic capacity was greatly little by adverse trade movements and oil price shocks. This forced the successive governments to introduce a come in of reforms meant to enhance the competitiveness of Australian industries in international markets. These reforms comprised reduction in tariffs, floatation of the Australian dollar mark and abolition of most foreign exchange controls which increased Australias openness to foreign competition. Significant changes started organism introduced to Australias workplace relations from the 1990s.These legislative reforms were meant to maintain a strong safety net for workers firearm at the same time provide a greater flexibility and choice for employers and workers at workplace level. It was until March 2008 that the government of Australia introduced transitional measures that phased out many concrete commissariat in the workplace provisions laws (Workplace Relations Act 1996, Workplace Relations Amendment/Work Choices Act 2005 and Wo rkplace Relations Amendment Act 2007). Ideology and work choices.It should be clearly noted that the prime minister and early(a) members of his government have denied that their policies are not ideological. General school of thought Rather than employers and employees universe stuck in an adversarial system, the government wants to put up a system that will allow them to determine their own conditions of working by numbering into their common interests. (Andrews 2005b, p. 7). Therefore, a contr coiffe between an employee and an employer is seen as a meeting of minds between two partners who are equal and an intellect will only occur when both parties agree with the terms of the contract.In contrast to the pluralist perspective, the general philosophy breaks to recognize that inequality of fountain is central feature of employment relationship. intent of employees. With this new act, provided the employees (Workers) are precondition the right involveership, the right incen tives and the right opportunities, they will be in a position to work real closely with the management Impact on the parties and the rule reservation processes. In this section we shall critically look at the impact of that these reforms will have on the major actors in the Australian industrial relations. Role of the stateIn the last 20 years, the government of Australia has seen far greater reliance on market forces than state regulation. However, with the national competition policy as a catalyst, both state and federal governments have embraced deregulation of product markets, government owned enterprises have excessively been privatized and a private-sector management practice is being used in public sector organizations. (Bray et al. 2005) The narrowing of the state regulation can be seen in the shrinking role of represents and the new modest employment protections offered by the Fair Pay of Australia.Rule making process From chapter 8 of Bray et al. (2005), the four main forms of rule making in Australia are managerial prerogative, individual contracting, collective bargaining and awards. With the Work Choices act, collective bargaining and award making will gloaming while managerial prerogative and individual contracting will expand significantly. The reforms here favor employers in many ways. Most employers will be able to gain significant capacity to practice amend bargaining power in their dealings with employees and unions and managerial prerogatives (Bray and Waring 2006).The changes in rule making have been advance as the government members have confirmed that economic success depends on freeing employers and employees from the restrictions of the old system. Awards This act has reduced the number of matters from 20 to 16 and this has helped in simplifying the awards. The award clauses that have been removed relate to board service, long service leave, superannuation and notice of termination. However some federal awards that provide kind entitlements like leave arrangements will not be removed from the awards as they are deemed as preserved award entitlements.Management The Work Choices act will bring the Australian managerial sector more granting immunity to manage their businesses as they see fit. This is because there will be less state regulation of the employment relationship and they will not be forced by unions to collectively bargain over wages and working conditions. With this new freedom the Australian managers will be in a position to lead to more efficient enterprises, more jobs and a more competitive national economy.Many companies will also be capable of pursuing innovation/ quality-enhancement and business strategies. Unions. In chapter six of Bray et al. there is a trace of the historical evolution of unions as a form of employee representation in Australia. It was seen that membership and the power of trade unions had greatly declined from the beginning of the 1990s. This decline was brought about by many reasons. One of them was the increasingly ill role of management and the impact of government policies that were not sympathetic.These harsh circumstances may be contributory to attracting new members and stimulated a new collective strength. However strategic differences over the union answer to work Choices show great differences in ideologies within the Australian labour movement and the labour movements of other countries. Only time will tell where the union movement will go and what the real outcomes will be. Conclusion. The measures brought about by the Work Choices reforms are far reaching. This is because they represent a major break from the preceding(a) in many ways.Firstly, their consequences to the constitution promise to be very big. Secondly, despite the much opposition it has faced, these reforms will help introduce new institutions by spelling an end to those institutions that have dominated Australian industrial institutions for very many years. They wi ll also change the process by which the rules of employment relationships are made in Australia. In addition, market forces, individual contracting and managerial prerogative are going to gain a new ascendancy.According to Howards government and business supporters, these reforms are also inevitable as they are necessary in driving productivity and reducing unemployment and will also guarantee competitiveness. It is also important that any conclusions be left speculative and uncertain since public opinion can fail and political climate can drastically change. References Andrews, K. (200b) Where do we want workplace relations to be in five years time? speech to Committee for Economic Development of Australia, Federation Square, Melbourne, retrieved on fifteenth March.Bray, M and Waring, P (2006) The rise of managerial prerogative under the Howard government, Australian Bulletin of Labour (in press). Bray, M. and Walsh, P. (1998), Different paths to neo liberalism Comparing Australia and New Zealand, Industrial Relations, Vol. 37, No. 3. Pp. 358-87. Bray, M. , Deery, S. , Walsh, J. and Waring, P. (2005) Industrial relations, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Sydney. Plowman, D. and Preston, A. (2005) The new industrial relations portents for the lowly paid, Journal of Australian Political Economy, No. 56, Dec, pp. 224-42