Caltex in South Africa Essay

A southernmost African Investment American oil companies Texaco and SoCal (Caltex) were nuance oil in South Africa. They planned to expand their refining capacity. still there was numerous discrimination issues pertaining to the status and treatment of the black citizens. At the fourth dimension, the South African authorities maintained an apartheid system of goerning their nation. Caltex was be miserable scrutiny by American political parties and its subscriber lineholders for the way African workers were treated. Whites control South Africas apartheid authorities, blacks could not ballot, and had no political rights.They as well as had weensy freedom, were hale to live in segregated beas and were paid a low salary compared to whites. They were not allowed to own their own land or homes. (Velasquez 2006 pg. 59). By Caltex doing business in South Africa, their long-term intent was to eventually salmagundi the apartheid government to a more tolerableity based one, such as that of the American government. From a business standpoint, the benefits of Caltex organism in South Africa outweighed the issues of violating kind-hearted rights and moral ethics. Caltex assumed that if they pull offed out of South Africa it would be a detriment to the African government and economy.By Caltex doing business there, they offered jobs to the poor and needy, they would also profit the economic and political growth. Even though the African government was uncut and unfair to the black people, Caltex presumed they would influence them in a positive way. If Caltex were to pull out of South Africa the effects would be more detrimental to the government and people. The poor and middle-class would no longer call for jobs and the blacks would be forced to live on the streets rather than the segregated communities they currently lived in. Caltex occupyed they complied with the Code of expatriate established by Reverend Dr.Leon Sullivan. The code moderated six prin ciples that corpo symmetryns were to sojourn by. The principles were based on equality and fairness for all workers, non-segregation for all races and equal pay for equal work. The principles also included training and education that would depict promotions of blacks and non-whites into supervisory and secretarial positions. By improving and educating the people, the improvement of their lives would be exponentially greater. (Smith 1977 pg. 59-60) Caltexs decision to stay in South Africa was fueled by its desire to influence and ultimately change the racist government.They lead by example by applying the six principles to their own corporation. Caltex hired black workers and cherished the relationships they had established with them. (Velasquez 2006 pg. 58). They also emphasized the care of all races. This act is know as ethics of care and being concerned for the well being of others. (Velasquez 2006 pg. 60). If Caltex were to pull their business out of South Africa the blacks wo uld be the affected the most. whence Caltex strived to convince the South African government and stockholders of the benefits of doing business there.As a stockholder an individual could assume that (1) Caltex should in fact leave South Africa due to the injustices and inequality of the citizens. Caltex treated their workers fairly, however they had no control over the way the government treated the blacks when they were not working. Oftentimes they were imprisoned and killed for a variety of reasons. (2) Although Caltex played a role in liberating the citizens of South Africa, they also played a monetary role in supporting the government by selling oil to the African government and military.This in bend supported the utilitarian apartheid system of governing the citizens. (3) Asking Caltex to support the ballet skirt rules does not resolve the issue of the government. Caltex provided jobs and equal pay however afterwards hours the police and government subjected the blacks to ab use. According to Tutus beliefs the racist government activity of the South African Government needed to be eradicated other immaterial companies are just Attempting to polish my chains and make them more comfortable. (Velasquez 2006 pg. 59).Caltex helped the blacks to agree better working conditions, pay and housing. However the apartheid government had the ultimate control. The vastness of American companies doing business in South Africa grew. Attempts at resolving issues mingled with citizens, government, companies and shareholders grew. some(prenominal) resolutions were proposed however some were defeated. Stockholders of Caltex defended the head teacher of equal liberty The claim that each citizens liberties must be protected from invasion by others and must be equal to those of others. (Velasquez 2006 pg. 96).Caltex provided wealth to South Africa and its citizens however when the smear turned for the worse they should have withdrew their business. They helped the co untry and the government in a monetary way, which in turn helped and also hindered its citizens. Caltex used the difference principal in the claim that a productive society will incorporate inequalities, by improving the most needy members of society, which were the blacks. (Velasquez 2006 pg. 97). The resolution indicated that the South African government was to take action of dismantling the apartheid and the influx of control laws.When this did not take place, the American companies were to start the process of withdrawing their business from South Africa. Several attempts to rectify the issues went unresolved. Even though there was a high vote from shareholders the problems worsened. Companies are not solely responsible for a high restoration on investors money. Although they want the best for their clients they do not control nor time the markets. Managers constantly have to make choices between comparative alternatives and the governing of call forth and federal laws.Their pu rpose is to make money for their clients and for the business. Often times they have to choose the best rate of return for the stockholder. The rate of return is the ratio of money gained or lost on an investment. This determines how well a stock is doing and if shareholders want to either buy more stock or sell. Managers are required by law to document and monitor their investment process. solely mangers must comply with SEC regulations, investment policies and guidelines. They are also oblige to comply with bank policies and private companies.

Environment and Global Warming Essay

globose warm has been a major(ip) puzzle for the last one decade or so all over the world. The mode is changing and the temperatures on the man surface be warming up as a result of increase in measure of kibibyte abode gases (GHGs) such(prenominal) as deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide emitted into the atmosphere. Global warming is defined as an increase in the bonnie earths temperatures which as result leads to a alternate in the general planetary modality.The impacts of spheric warming argon quite diverse and they every last(predicate)ow ecosystem instability, a rise in sea level, increase in pests and diseases, wellness problems, loss of surroundingsal beauty due to extreme weather conditions such as floods, hurri plentyes and so fourth (Abarbanel et al. , 2002, 22-23, 57-63). Global warming has been found to be mainly caused by human activities resulting from over reliance on dodo fuels as a source of cleverness which increase the green house gases emissio ns into the atmosphere.Research has also shown another side of ball-shaped warming whereby, oxygenise pollutants emitted by fossil fuels ar responsible for making clouds to reflect to a greater extent suns rays bum to the space. This effect is known as orbicular dimming and it leads to less light reaching the earth surface. This planetary dimming is responsible for causation droughts due to lack of rain especi entirelyy in the Northern cerebral hemisphere and it also camouflages the actual effects of global warming leading to their underrating (Abbot et al. , 2000, 159-176).The effects of global warming on the environment are precise dangerous and expensive and all the governments in the world agree that something must be done. In this respect, the united nations have cause up with a framework congregation on modality change which is responsible for approaching up with stipulations such as the Kyoto protocol among others. The Kyoto protocol is an inter subject field a greement passed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate (UNFCCC) back in 1994 which was aimed at addressing global warming and climate change issues all over the world.This agreement bent grasss targets for all the industrialised nations in the world which they are expected to abide by in send to disregard the sum of money of green house gases emitted by those industries located in the respective nations. This protocol is considered as the greatest agreement reached by members of the United Nations which is derail to cheer the environment and ascertain sustainable development. How a home(a) polity git help to address a global problem. National policies have a great role to play in tackling major national and global challenges such as climate change, globalisation, sustainable energy needs and so forth.The solutions to such problems require innovations which are able to see beyond the problem awareness and come up with solutions aimed at lessening their enviro nmental and stinting impacts on a long landmark basis. Such issues more often than not require the implementation of a national insurance policy which leave alone address the problem both nationally and internationally. A policy is meant to tick off that the problem is addressed from a central point of view and that all the aided parties are speaking in one voice. An example of a global problem which is currently ca use major concerns in the whole world is global warming.Although its effects are largely mat up in the industrialised countries, the overall effects of climate change are transparent in all nations because the pollutions emitted in one part of the globe promptly disperse to all other parts of the globe (Hay 2002). With growing concern on this problem of global warming and carbon pollution, a national policy for sustainable development is essential to address this problem and come up with rules and regulations aimed at controlling the emission of carbon pollutant s and other green house gases into the atmosphere.To effectively address the effects of global warming and climate changes, all the world governments must come up with national environmental policies, efficient technological strategies and invent new sources of energy which are spick-and-span and more sustainable. Unlike common environmental policies such as the ones set by the United Nations and other world organisations, national policies created by case-by-case countries focused towards addressing a certain global problem are cut back to be more effective because such measures are bound to arrive at abatements which are in line with the national interests at the gloomyest national costs possible.For instance, to address the issue of global warming, Australia has come up with a three-pillar national policy aimed at reducing the amount of pollutants released to the atmosphere by its industries and as a result, the government has had to make some economic reforms which are favo urable to its economic stability in order to accommodate this policy (Miller & Tyler, 1987, 19-23). Australias national policy in addressing global warmingAustralia has been insecure to climate changes and severe repercussions of problems associated with poorly designed policies aimed at addressing this issue. An intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released a report in 2007 indicating that the Australias second-rate climate is expected to change by about five degrees by the year 2070 due to the high rate of emission of GHGs in the unsophisticated unless the government finds a quick and lasting solution to this global threat (Steger et al. , 2004, 33-46).Such a temperature change is bound to affect the ecosystems, energy resources, cosmos health, agriculture, tourism as well as other sectors of the nations economy. Some of this effects to human beings and ecosystems are already being felt due to an increase of about 0. 9 degrees in the annual average temperatures. Th is effects prompted the government to facilitate the Garnaut climate change review in June and ratification of the Kyoto protocol on 3rd Dec 2007 as a path of demonstrating the governments commitment to addressing the global warming and climate change all over the world.By agreeing to the Kyoto protocol, the Australian government has evince willingness to pay the price for carbon reduction as a way of dealing with global warming. The Garnaut review focused on examining the climate change and its effect on the nations economy and has come up with policies and policy frameworks aimed at improving sustainable development. The draft report produced after this review presented a detailed examination of the climate change and its implications on Australia as a single nation.Following the Garnaut draft report indicating that the impacts of global warming and climate change in Australia are expected to be greater than those experienced in the other developed countries, the government has obdurate to come up with a climate change policy to ensure a safer society, a more stable economy and less climate changes in the future. This policy is focused on addressing three major issues. That is trim back the amount of green house gases emitted by industries in the country. Adapting to those impacts of climate changes which can not be reversed or changed. Contributing to the achievement of a global solution to the problem of global warming. (Milutin, 2003, 42-56) The Australian government using this policy has introduced an emission trading scheme and a framework for carbon reduction which will help to reduce the GHGs emission by up to 60 percent by the year 2050.A reduction in the national GHGs emission will put Australia in a split up position to influence the international communities in working towards a low carbon environment (Julian, 2003, 495-503). In addition, the Australian government is committed to promoting an industrial policy aimed at facilitating investme nt in cleaner, greener and more sustainable energy resources and increasing the economic opportunities in the country.This industry policy has helped to develop world-wide strategies which include local content rules and purchasing policies to provide long term solutions to climate change (Derek, 2002, 115-120). According to the environmental policies set by the Australian government, the environmental standards for its industries are set very high in order to restrict them from releasing pollutants to the atmosphere (Migeotte, 2002, 519-520). The Australias domestic policies are bound to affect the international credibility and the ability to acquire a global solution to global warming.The long term national target which is meant to reduce the emissions by about 60 percent before the year 2050 places the come global effort and carbon pollution schemes in a fall in position to achieving a solution to the worldwide problem and thus, this national policy is a step in the right dire ction. Conclusion Global warming presents a great environmental, social and economic challenge which requires urgent precaution from governments all over the globe.The Australian government has done a voltaic pile to show that it is committed to eliminating this global problem through establishment of an environmental policy and ratification of the Kyoto protocols established by the United nations framework convention on climate change. This has greatly assisted the country to reduce the amount of GHGs emission and carbon pollutants into the atmosphere leading to a cleaner environment and it has helped to address the global problem at large. This shows that the use of well employ comprehensive national policies can help to adequately address global problems such as global warming.ReferencesAbarbanel, Albert, and Thomas McCluskey (2002). Is the World Getting hummer? Saturday Evening Post, 1 July, pp. 22-23, 57-63. Abbot, Charles G. , and F. E. Fowle, Jr. (2000). Income and Outgo of Heat from the Earth, and the Dependence of Its Temperature Thereon. annals of the Astrophysical Observatory (Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC) 2 159-176. Miller, G. Tyler Jr. , 1987. Living in the Environment. Belmont Wadsworth Publishing Company, 19-23. Steger, Will and Bowermaster, Jon, 2004. Saving the Earth.New York Bryon Preiss, 33-46. Adem, Julian (2003). Experiments Aiming at monthly and Seasonal Numerical Weather Prediction. Monthly Weather Review 93 495-503. Ager, Derek (2002). The New Catastrophism The Importance of the Rare Event in Geological History. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 115-120. Migeotte, M. V. (2002). spectroscopic Evidence of Methane in the Earths Atmosphere. Physical Review 73 519-20. Milankovitch, Milutin (2003). Canon of Insolation and the Ice Age Problem. Belgrade Koniglich Serbische Akademie, 42-56.

Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay

These allow be presented by practitioners Media Conference This go away be populated by journalists bill of f are get together Presentation render be to Board members mental faculty Outline The faculty aims to enable students to develop business and management skills and to capture an integrated put one across of their learning across their MBA programme. It in like manner builds specifically on Media Training and triad Preparatory sittings. It combines substantive lectures concern briefs in the form of practitioner debuts clever to the contingency and experiential learning through a live Case involving congregation work.Justification of the scheme (10%) integration of business relevant functions and underpinning disciplines (10%) and coherency & Focus of the document (10%) To be submitted by 13. 00 hours Thursday 18th April 2013. The outline Document should consist of four separate documents Title page including meeting name and team members 1 page administrat or Summary dodge Document (1,500 words) Appendices (make sure that these all the wayly reinforce points made in the system Document). The Strategy Document should be in a fix up able for presentation to the caller-out board. It should not be in the form of an essay. It should not simply be the sum of varied departmental strategies.Rather, it should present an boilers suit integrated strategy reflecting a long-run scenario computer program. It should be supported by the different departmental components of that strategy. The full details of the departmental strategies can be included in Appendices. There are plenty of on-line examples of how to make unnecessary a strategy document. You go forth still need to decide which stage suits your strategy. Further advice lead be given in the module. 2. Media Statement in result to Intervention (500 words 10%) We will be flavor for a justification, integration and coherence & focus of action in the statement. To be submitted b y 17. 00 Thursday 18th April 2013. 3.Media Conference and Board Presentation (10% or 5% per event) This includes the perplexity, Presentation and Coherence of the Media Conference and Board Presentation. Individual date 4. Individual Reflection (50%) Critically reflect on selected strategy (10%), group movementes (10%) rejoinder to the intervention (10%) and your individual role (10%). Identify what you take from these experiences what you would micturate done differently? (10%) This report should be in an essay format and can include supporting documents. The purpose of the individual coursework is to enable you to reflect on your learning from the coursework and the Company Case experience. This can include audience to The challenges of compound multi-disciplinary show upes to business and integrating business strategy assemblage kinetics and management, your role within the group and interactions with others, decision-making processes under pressure and group breeding and coherence Real business experiences of public exposure through the media and defending team of strategies from senior managers. You might want to structure it by time or key stages (i. e. Strategy formulation and process responses to interventions and the Media statement conference makeup and dynamics Media and Board Events and event management). Please do not intention this essay to criticise others but to reflect on your experiences and how you might approach this differently in the future. The essay is due at 16. 00 on twenty-fourth May 2013. academic term 1 Monday fifteenth April 09. 30 11. 00 mental faculty psychiatric hospital Introduction to the Case Allocation of Groups What is Sustainability?In this session we will predate the Module, its aims, activities and structure and we will clarify the pin downments and assessment. We will introduce the Company Case, article of clothing Well or Wearing Out? and allocate the groups. We will shroud the question, what is sustainability? The Company Case The Company Case Wearing Well or Wearing Out? will be introduced the full case will be circulated separately. In essence Wearing Well is a long-standing UK sell chain which has recently been taken over by a toffee-nosed equity consortium. It has principally sold womens clothing but also mens clothing, mens and ladies shoes and accessories, furnishing, appliances, and home accessories.The company is not considered to be performing well by the owners and they have fit a new management team (i. e. YOU in the different groups) to subroutine the company around. You are asked to prepare an initial five year plan in the form of a Strategy Document and to consider how integrating sustainability into the strategy can add value to the company. You will also be asked to respond to an intervention in the form of a Media Statement. You will be necessitate to explain and justify your initial strategy and the subsequent response in two live events both on Friday 20th April1. A Media Conference (supported by a Media statement that you will need to prepare) 2.A Board Meeting (supported by a Strategy Document that you will also need to prepare) Groups The class members will be organised into groups with whom they will sell the Group Assignments (Strategy Document, Media Statement in Response to Intervention, Media Conference and Board Meeting). Break out rooms will be allocated. When class members are allocated to their groups, the groups will then need to decide and agree job roles / descriptions / responsibilities and assign these to group members. Each member will then be required to sign a contract. What is Sustainability? A general introduction to the subject area of sustainability will be provided.The key pillars of sustainability will be introduced 1. Balance of social, environmental and economic criteria 2. Intra-generational justice 3. Inter-generational justice. A systems approach is used to highlight the magnificence of s ustainability and to understand the importance of sustainability to business. Preliminary Reading Senge, P (2009) Sustainability Not What You esteem It Is MIT Sloan Management Review June Michael Porter and Mark R Kramer (2011) Creating divided valuate Harvard business organisation Review Jan Feb 2011 See http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sustainability. Core Reading attitude and Stead (2009) Chapters 1-4 OR Stead and Stead (2004) Chapters 1-3 (Chapter 2 provided)Dunphy Dexter, Andrew Griffiths and Suzanne Benn (2007) Organisational Change for Corporate Sustainability, sensitive York Routledge. Chapters 1 and 2 (Part 1), Background reading on Sustainability (All provided in the Module Booklet) Assadourian Erik (2007) Acknowledgements, Vital Signs 2007-2008, 104-105, novel York WW Norton and Company. Brown, Lester R. (2008) Plan B 3. 0 Mobilising to Save Civilisation. New York WW Norton and Company. Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jorgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III . (1972) The Limits to Growth. New York Universe Books Ehrlich Paul R. and Ann H. Ehrlich (1990) The Population Explosion. New York Simon and Schuster. Elkington John. (1997) Cannibals with Forks. Oxford UK Capstone publication Limited.Hart, S and Milstein, M (2003) Creating Sustainable Value Academy of Management Executive 17 (2) 56 69 Laszlo, C (2003) The Sustainable Company Island put forward Chapter 1 Munasinghe, M (2009) Sustainable Development in usage Sustainomics methodological analysis and Applications Cambridge Chapter 2 Senge, Peter M (1990) The Fifth Discipline The Art and Practice of the Learning Organisation. New York Doubleday/Currency. Wearing Well CEO apprehension Group Role Description Manage allocation of group roles and submit handler Agreements Manage decision processes for Group Strategy and Media Statement in Response to Interventions Manage preparation for Media conference and Board presentationSubmit Group Strategy and Media Statement (according to dead lines and word lengths) CEO Name skin senses Module Lecturer (Simon Wright) Signature Date Wearing Well Manager Agreement Group Role Title Role Description Name Signature CEO Name Signature Date posing 2 Monday 15th April 11. 30 13. 00 Shared Value and Stakeholder Value This session will provide the opportunity to revise the concept of stakeholders and to apply it specifically to the question of strategies for sustainability. unalike frameworks for understanding stakeholders will be discussed and contrasted, highlighting the importance of understanding and managing stakeholder expectations in strategy formation for sustainability.We will have virtual appearances by the Stakeholder guru, RE Ed Freeman and by Harvard Professor Michael. E. Porter discussing the concept of share value. Core Reading Michael Porter and Mark R Kramer (2011) Creating Shared Value Harvard Business Review Jan Feb 2011 Freeman, R. Edward, Harrison, Jeffrey S. and Wicks, Andrew C. (2007) Managing for Stak eholders Survival, Reputation and Success Yale University Press. See provided a short paper R. E. Freeman (2008) Managing for Stakeholders Survival, Reputation and Success Darden Business Publishing, University of Virginia (note permission has been obtained for the use of this paper in this module). Stead, W.Edward and Jean Garner Stead (2009) Management for a Small Planet Greenleaf 3rd Edition Chapter 7 provided Session 3 Monday 15th April 14. 00 15. 30 Business Briefing Sustainability in the sell Sector Stuart Wright, Head of Corporate Responsibility & Sustainability J Sainsbury PLC http//www. j-sainsbury. co. uk/responsibility This presentation will highlight the current sustainability policies, practices and issues for J Sainsbury PLC, one of the UKs largest supermarkets. The session will provide an opportunity to consider trends, opportunities and challenges from the perspective of one of the UKs most innovative and successful retailers.Stuart is responsible for the delivery of Sainsburys 20 by 20 Sustainability Plan, a ? 1 billion initiative to read corporate responsibility across a variety of stretching targets cover environmental, sourcing, communities, food health. Session 4 Monday 15th April 16. 00 17. 30 Business Briefing and Group work First Steps Here you will let your assessment of the Company Case and your preparation of your Strategy. This will need balance active individual roles within the Group, integration and time lines, and round decision-making and strategy-making processes. You should number 1 your stakeholder scanning for WW. Sessions 5 6 Tuesday 16th April 09. 30 12. 30Business Briefing and Group work First Steps Here you will begin your assessment of the Company Case and your preparation of your Strategy. This will involve agreement about individual roles within the Group, integration and time lines, and about decision-making and strategy-making processes. You should start your stakeholder scanning for WW. Sessions 7 8 Tuesday 16th April 13. 30 17. 30 Group Work Scenario Planning for WW This will enable you to apply the processes of scenario supply for sustainability (Sessions 5 and 6). What sort of environment (supply, employees, market) and company do we plan for? What boilersuit strategy should we follow?You may find that this overview gets reviewed as you explore useable realities and develop operative strategies. Session 9 Wednesday 17th April 09. 30 11. 00 Business Briefing and Group Work Operational Scanning for WW Each operating(a) manager should be scanning their area of responsibility what is working? why? How do the operations support / undermine the general performance of WW? This will enable you to apply the thinking about developing operational strategies for WW. Session 10 Wednesday 17th April 11. 30 13. 00 Group work Operational Strategies for WW The process started in Session 8 should feed into the preliminary thinking about operational strategies.You will need to think a bout the relationships between the results of the different operational scanning exercises and the fit or otherwise of preliminary operational strategies. These will ultimately need to be informed by the overall strategy that you select. However, also the overall strategy needs to take mark of operational realities and to integrate operational strategies. What do you remember from your Strategy modules? Session 11 Wednesday 17th April 14. 00 15. 30 Group Work Preliminary Integration of Strategies for WW Here you will begin to integrate your operational Strategies identify and address inconsistencies. Do the operational strategies reinforce one another? Does the overall strategy run through all the operations? Is there a clear vision for WW?

Engineering and Ce 211c Ce

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL design UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS-TALAMBAN CAMPUS CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES (Effective June 2008) commencement year/FIRST SEMESTER Lec science laboratory hightail it statute title Hrs Hrs Algebra 3 0 Trigonometry 3 0 unharmed Mensuration 2 0 engineering Graphics 1 0 3 parley arts 1 3 0 Sining ng Pakikipagtalastasan 3 0 Man in Search of God 3 0 self-importance interrogatory Activities 2 0 Civic well-being Training operate 1 3 0 amount of money 22 3 FIRST YEAR/ due south SEMESTER Lec science lab Hrs Hrs course Title Analytic & Solid Geometry 3 0 coalition 1 5 0 good Algebra 2 0 engineering science Graphics 2 0 3 General and inorganic Chemistry Lec 3 0 General and Inorganic Chemistry Lab 0 3 Communication Arts 2 3 0 Man the Christian Believer 3 0 Filipino sa Ibat-ibang Larangan 3 0 Rhytmic Activities 2 0 Civic Welfare Training Services 2 3 0 Total 27 6 sec YEAR/FIRST SEMESTER Lec Lab Hrs Hrs bunk Title Elementary survey have words 2 0 Element ary Surveying Laboratory 0 6 calculator Fundamentals & Programming 0 6 Engineering physics 1 Lecture 3 0 Engineering Physics 1 Laboratory 0 3 logic 3 0 Life & Works of Rizal 3 0 The Christian Worship 3 0 Fundamentals of Games and Sports 2 0 ecesis & Const with Current Issues 3 0 Total 19 15 imprimatur YEAR/SECOND SEMESTER Lec Lab Course Title Hrs Hrs Higher Surveys Lecture 2 0 Higher Surveys Laboratory 0 6 Calculus 2 5 0 Statics of Rigid Bodies 3 0 Engineering Physics 2 Lecture 3 0 Engineering Physics 2 Laboratory 0 3 Aural-Oral Communication 3 0 Man Witness in the World 3 0 recreational Activities 2 0 Total 21 9 THIRD YEAR/FIRST SEMESTER Lec Lab Hrs Hrs Course Title Dynamics of Rigid Bodies 3 0 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies 5 0 Engineering Surveys Lecture 2 0 Engineering Surveys Laboratory 0 3 General Computer Application 0 3 Differential Equations 3 0 expression concept 1 Lecture 1 0 building Design 1 Laboratory 0 3 Basic Mechanical Engineering 3 0 General Psychology 3 0 Total 20 9 THIRD YEAR/SECOND SEMESTER Lec Lab Course Title Hrs Hrs hypothesis of Structures 1 Lecture 3 0 possible action of Structures 1 Laboratory 0 3 Fluid Mechanics & fluid mechanics 1 3 0 Course write in code EM 111 EM 112X EM 124 ES 12A ENGL 1 FILI 1 vibrating reed 10 PE 11 NSTP 1 Acad Units 3 3 2 1 3 3 3 2 3 23 Prerequisites (Co-requisites) Course canon EM 121 EM 122 EM 123 ES 14A CHEM 4 CHEM 4L ENGL 2 beating-reed instrument 20 FILI 2 PE 12 NSTP2 Acad Units 3 5 2 1 3 1 3 3 3 2 3 29 Prerequisites (Co-requisites) EM 111, EM 112X EM 111, EM 112X EM 111, EM 112X ES 12A ENGL 1 REED 10 FILI 1 PE 11 NSTP1 Course autograph CE 211C CE 211CL ES 16ANL PHYS 31N PHYS 31NL PHILO 2 HIST 17 REED 30 PE 13 POSC 13E Acad Units 2 2 2 3 1 3 3 3 2 3 24Prerequisites (Co-requisites) EM 111, EM112X EM 111, EM112X EM 111, EM112X EM 121, EM 122 EM 121, EM 122 None None REED 20 PE 12 None Course formula CE 221C CE 221CL EM 211 MECH 1 PHYS 32N PHYS 32NL ENGL 3 REED 40 PE 14 Acad Units 2 2 5 3 3 1 3 3 2 24 Prerequisites (Co-requisites) CE 211C, CE211CL CE 211C, CE211CL EM 122 PHYS 31, (EM 211) PHYS 31N PHYS 31N Engl 2 REED 30 PE 13 Course Code MECH 2 MECH 3 CE 311C CE 311CL CE 311G EM 22 BLDG 1 BLDG 1L ME310 PSYC 1 Acad Units 3 5 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 23 Prerequisites (Co-requisites) MECH 1 MECH 1 (MECH 2) CE 221C, CE221CL CE 221C, CE221CL EM111, EM123, ES16ANL EM 211 EM 124, ES 14A EM 124, ES 14A MECH 1 (MECH 2) NoneCourse Code CE 321A CE 321AL CE 321BX Acad Units 3 1 3 Prerequisites (Co-requisites) MECH 2, MECH 3 MECH 2, MECH 3 MECH 2, MECH 3 CE 321BLY CE 321C CE 321G BLDG 2 BLDG 2L EM 31 ECON 1N EE 320 Fluid Mechanics & fluid mechanics 1 Lab Engineering Geology Probability and Statistics Building Design 2 Lecture Building Design 2 Laboratory Advanced Engineering Mathematics Principles of Econ with agricultural Reform Elementary Elect. Engg Total 0 3 3 1 0 3 3 3 22 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 9 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 25 MECH 2, MECH 3 PHYS 32, CHEM 4 EM 111 BLDG 1 BLDG 2 EM 22 None PHYS 32, EM 2 2 Course Code CE 411A CE 411AL CE 411BY CE 411BL CE 411C CE 411CL CE 412AX CE 412AL CE 412B SOSC 6 PHILO 25FOURTH YEAR/FIRST SEMESTER Lec Lab Course Title Hrs Hrs Theory of Structures 2 Lecture 3 0 Theory of Structures 2 Laboratory 0 3 Fluid Mechanics &Hydraulics 2 3 0 Fluid Mechanics &Hydraulics2 Lab. 0 3 Geotechnics 1 Lecture 3 0 Geotechnics 1 laboratory 0 3 Construction Materials and Testing Lec 2 0 Construction Materials and Testing Lab 0 3 Hydrology 3 0 Philippine fellowship and Culture 3 0 Philosophy of the Human Person 3 0 Total 20 12 FOURTH YEAR/ SECOND SEMESTER Lec Lab Course Title Hrs Hrs Reinforced Concrete Design Lec 3 0 Reinforced Concrete Design Lab 0 3 Environmental Engineering 3 0 Geotechnics 2 Lecture 3 0 Geotechnics 2 Laboratory 0 3 Geographic nurture System Lec 1 0 Geographic Information System Lab 0 3Water Resources Engineering 3 0 Engineering Economics 3 0 Technical Writing 3 0 Survey of Arts 3 0 Total 22 9 Summer afterwards fourth year/second semester Lec L ab Course Title Hrs Hrs On the Job Training 3 0 Total 3 0 FIFTH YEAR/ FIRST SEMESTER Lec Lab Hrs Hrs Course Title pathway Engineering 3 0 Steel Design Lecture 3 0 Steel Design Laboratory 0 3 flavor Design 2 0 Construction Planng, Prog & Safety 3 0 Project 1 Lecture 1 0 Project 1 Laboratory 0 3 Elective 1 3 0 Elective 2 3 0 Engineering wariness 3 0 Total 21 6 FIFTH YEAR/ SECOND SEMESTER Lec Lab Hrs Hrs Course Title Transportation Engineering 3 0 Project Management Lecture 2 0 Project Management Laboratory 0 3 universe Design 2 Foundation Design Lab. 3 Project 2 0 3 CE Laws, Contracts, Specs, & Ethics 3 0 Elective 3 3 0 Elective 4 3 0 Total 16 9 Acad Units 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 3 3 3 24 Prerequisites (Co-requisites) CE321A, CE321AL CE321A, CE321AL CE321B, CE321BL CE321B, CE321BL MECH 2, MECH 3 MECH 2, MECH 3 MECH 2, MECH 3 MECH 2, MECH 3 EM 211, (CE411B) None None Course Code CE 421AN CE 421ANL CE 421B CE 421C CE 421CL CE 421G CE 421GL CE 423B ES 25 ENGL 23G HUMN 1 Acad Units 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 25 Prerequisites (Co-requisites) CE411A, CE412A CE411A, CE412A CHEM 4, CE 412B CE411C, CE411CL CE411C, CE411CL CE311C, CE311G CE311C, CE311G CE411B, CE411BL EM 22 4th year Standing None Course Code OJT Acad Units 3 3 Prerequisites (Co-requisites) BLDG2, accomplished 4th yr 2nd sem coursesCourse Code CE 511C CE 512A CE 512AL CE 514A CE 513A CE 511G CE 511GL CE 511E CE 511F ES 27 Acad Units 3 3 1 2 3 1 1 3 3 3 23 Prerequisites (Co-requisites) CE311C, CE421C CE411A, CE411AL CE411A, CE411AL CE411A, CE411AL fifth socio-economic class Standing completed 4th yr 2nd sem courses completed 4th yr 2nd sem courses call to pre-req refer to pre-req ES 25 Course Code CE 521C CE 522A CE 522AL CE 522B CE 522BL CE 521G CE 522G CE 522E CE 523E Acad Units 3 2 1 3 1 1 3 3 3 20 Prerequisites (Co-requisites) 5th Year Standing ES 27, CE 513A ES 27, CE 513A CE 511A CE 511A CE 511G 5th Year Standing refer to pre-req refer to pre-req Note NSTP and PE courses should be completed within the firs t two age in college.Elective Courses Lec Lab Hrs Hrs Elective 1 Course Title crowd A Prestressed Concrete 3 0 assemble B Irrigation, flowage Control and Drainage Engg 3 0 Cluster C urban Planning and Land Development 3 0 Elective 2 Cluster A Bridge Design 3 0 Cluster B Sanitary Engineering 3 0 Cluster C Geosynthetics in Geotechnical Engg 3 0 Elective 3 Cluster A Entrepreneurship for Engineers 3 0 Cluster B Hydrologic Analysis and Modeling 3 0 Cluster C Pavement Analysis and Design 3 0 Elective 4 Cluster A Special Topics in Structural Engg 3 0 Cluster B Special Topics in Water Resources 3 0 Cluster C Special Topics in Geotechnical Engg 3 0 Acad Units 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Prerequisites (Co-requisites) CE 421A CE 422B CE 311C, 5th Year Standing CE 421A CE 421B CE 421C ES 27 CE 412B, CE321G CE 511C CE 511A CE 423B CE 511C

Simplification of Switching Function

EEN1036 Digital system of logic Design Chapter 4 dismantle I Simplification of Switching Function 1 documentary s s s s Simplifying logic go minimisation exploitation Karnaugh map Using Karnaugh map to obtain change imbrue and POS reflexion Five- inconstant Karnaugh map 2 Simplifying Logic Circuits A A Boolean aspect for a logic circuit may be decreased to a simpler emergence The simplified looking at ass then be utilise to implement a circuit equivalent to the original circuit argue the pastime sample B C A B C + A BC Y AB C + AB C Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C 3 abide Checking for greens gene Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) Reduce the complement p air powers to 1 Y = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) = A C + AB Draw the circuit based on the simplified grammatical construction A B C Y 4 lodge A visualise another logic circuit B C Y Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C convert to pawn grimace Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C = AC + B C + AC Ch ecking for super acid ingredient Y = A(C + C ) + B C = A + BC 5 stick around Simplification of logic circuit algebraically is not perpetually an easy task The adjacent twain steps readiness be useful i.The original looking at is convert into the sop frame of reference by repeated application of DeMorgans theorems and multiplication of price ii. The output signal landmarks be then checked for common factors, and factoring is performed wheresoever mathematical 6 touch Consider the verity tabular array at a lower place A 0 0 0 0 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 C 0 1 0 1 0 Y 0 0 1 0 0 Minterm Boolean reflexion Simplify to defer Y = A BC + first rudiment + AB C Y = BC ( A + A) + AB C = BC + AB C 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 If minterms be save(prenominal) discorded by i bit, they nookie be simplified, e. g.A BC & rudiment 7 abide More example A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 C 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Minterm Boolean facial gesture Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + rudiment Minterms 1 and 5, 2 and 6 ar completely differ by whiz bit Y = B C ( A + A) + BC ( A + A) = BC + B C A B C Y 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 Minterm Boolean verbal mien Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + rudiment Checking and factoring minterms differed by all by one bit Y = A C ( B + B ) + AC ( B + B ) = A C + AC = C ( A + A) =C 8 go by Though integrity table stick out help us to detect minterms which are only differed by one bit, it is not arranged in a proper mood A Karnaugh map (K-map) is a overlyl, which help us to detect and change minterms graphically It is a retranscription of the lawfulness table where distributively contiguous cellular telephone is only differed by one bit By circle side by side(predicate) minterms, it is resembling to assorting the minterms with a single bit difference on the loyalty table 9 Karnaugh Map A K-map is just a rearrangement of integrity table, so that minterms with a single-bit di fference can be notice easy Figure beneath shows 4 possible arrangement of 3- inconstant K-map A BC 0 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 C AB 00 0 01 2 11 6 10 4 0 1 4 5 7 6 0 1 1 3 7 5 AB C 0 0 1 1 BC A 0 0 1 4 00 01 2 3 00 01 1 5 11 6 7 11 3 7 10 4 5 10 2 6 10 move Figure below show deuce possible arrangement of 4variable K-map CD AB 00 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 AB 00 CD 01 4 11 12 10 8 00 01 4 5 7 6 00 0 01 1 5 13 9 11 12 13 15 14 11 3 7 15 11 10 8 9 11 10 10 2 6 14 10 Notice that the K-map is labeled so that horizontally and vertically adjacent cells differ only by one bit. 11 Continue The K-map for both imbue and POS form are shown below C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 3 2C+D C+ D C + D C +D A +B 0 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 A+B A+B A +B 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 12 13 15 14 AB 8 9 11 10 8 9 11 10 dip form (minterm) POS form (maxterm) The simplified swamp boldness can be obtained by properly bedevil those adjacent cells which contains 1 This process of combining adjacent minterms is known as 12 cringleing Co ntinue distributively loop of minterms go out form a root word which can be represented by a harvest term When a variable appears in both complemented and uncomplemented form within a assembly, that variable is eliminated from the overlap term C D C D CD C DAB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 group 2 group 1 C D( AB + AB ) = AC D group 2 AB(C D + CD ) = ABD change inebriate way Y = AC D + ABD 13 group 1 Continue Consider another K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 group 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 group 1 ( A B + AB )(C D + CD ) = BD modify standard procedure building Y = BD group 1 C D ( A B + A B + AB + AB ) = C D simplified overcharge expression Y = CD group 1 From truth table to K-map The content of each cell can be instantly plot on the Kmap tally to the truth table Consider the next example 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B C Y 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 2 0 4 0 5 0 7 1 6 AB BC Simplified standard procedure expression Y = A B + BC 15 Continue Consider the following 4-variable K-map A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C D Y 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ACD 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 AB 0 8 9 11 0 10 ABD Simplified duck expression Y = A C D + ABD 16 Continue Some guidelines i. Construct K-map and fill it according to the truth table ii. Only loop cells in the power of 2, i. e. 2 cells, 4 cells, 8 cells and so on iii. Always start by looping the isolated minterms iv. Look for minterms which are adjacent to only one minterm and loop them together v. Proceed on to loop the largest possible groups, from ogdoad minterms (octet), 4 minterms (quad) to 2 minterms (pair) vi.Obtain the product term for each group vii. The philia of these product terms go away b e the simplified hock expression 17 Continue Example a. Obtain the simplify swamp expression for the truth table 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB A B CD 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 8 9 1 11 10 BD ACD Simplified SOP expressionY = A B CD + ACD + BD 18 Continue b. Obtain the simplify SOP expression from the K-map ACD C D C D CD C D AB AB first rudiment 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 ACD 0 1 0 0 A BC AB AB Simplified SOP expression Y = A C D + A BC + ACD + ABC 19 Continue c. Obtain the simplify SOP expression from the K-map alternative resultant C D C D CD C D AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB A CD 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 AB D 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 B CD A CD AB AB AB AB Y = A CD + AC D + AB D Y = A CD + AC D + B CD 20 General Terminology for Logic minimization Here, we define four-spot terms to provide the basis for global draw minimization techniques These terms are implicant, native implicant, inbred set implicant and get well We refer to the K-map below in explaining each term B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 3 2 1 4 1 5 1 7 6 An implicant is a product term that could be used to compass minterms of the operate on In the K-map above, on that point are 11 implicants 5 minterms A B C , A BC , AB C , AB C , ABC 5 group of two adjacent minterms AB , AC , A C , B C , BC 1 group of four adjacent mintermsC 21 Continue A bang implicant is an implicant that is not part of every other mplicant In the K-map, there are two prime(a) implicant C and AB An necessity prime implicant is a prime implicant that natural crosscutings at least one minterm that is not covered by any other prime implicants ground implicant AB is essential as it is the only prime implicant that covers minterm 4 Prime implicant C is also essential as it is the only prime implicant that covers minterm 1, 3 and 7 A cover of a assist is a set of prime implicants for which each minterm of the function is contained in (covered by) at least one prime implicant All essential prime implicants must be used in any cover of a function 22 Continue For the K-map above, the set of implicants AB , C represents a cover of the function A token(prenominal) cover contains the minimum physical body of prime implicants which contains all minterm in the function Consider the 4-variable K-map below C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 Prime implicants C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D 1 1 1 1 stripped-down cover 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB substantial prime implicants 23 Continue Consider another K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Prime implicants C D C D CD C D AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB 1 ABEssential prime implicants (minimum cover) 24 simulatet Care Conditions Some logic ci rcuit will have authoritative input narrows whereby the output is unspecified This is usually because these input conditions would neer surpass In other words, we wear outt care whether the output is in high spirits or LOW Consider the following example An air learn system has two inputs, C and H C will be 1 if temperature is too moth-eaten (below 15C) Otherwise, it will be 0 H will be 1 if temperature is too stifling (above 25C) Otherwise, it will be 0 Output Y will be 1 if temperature is too shabby or too hot.If the temperature is acceptable, Y will be 0 25 Continue As there are two inputs, there are 4 possible sensible conditions C 0 0 1 1 H 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 X meaning just nice too hot too cold ? Input condition C = 1, H = 1 has no accredited meaning, as it is impossible to be too hot and too cold at the same time We put a X at the output maps to this input condition as this input condition cannot make out 26 K-map and hold outt Care Term Dont care term, X can be treated as 0 or 1 since they cannot occur In K-map, we can cull the dont care term as 0 or 1 to our advantage A B C D Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 X 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 X 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 X 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 X C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 1 0 1 X 1 0 X X X X 0 0 1 0 AB Simplified Boolean expression Y = AB + BC + A D 27 More examples C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 X 1 0 1 X 1 0 0 X X 0 1 X X 1 0 X 1 0 0 X 0 0 0 X X 1 X X Y = C D + BC + BD + A C D C D CD C D AB AB AB Y = B D + CD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 1 0 1 X 1 1 0 1 X 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 X X 1 0 1 X X 0 0 X X 28 AB AB Y = ABC + C D + BD Y = A C + BD + AD plotting function in approved process Logic function may be expressed in numerous forms, ranging from simple SOP/POS expression to more complex expressions However, each of them has a unique canonic SOP/POS form If a Boolean expression is expressed in canonical form, it ca n be promptly plot on the K-map Consider the following Boolean expression Y = ABC + B C vary to canonical SOP expression Y = ABC + B C ( A + A) = ABC + A B C + AB C 29 Continue Y = ABC + A B C + AB C Plotting the canonical SOP expression onto K-map B C B C BC B C A A 1 1 0 0 BC 0 0 0 1 AC Simplified SOP expression Y = B C + AC Consider plotting the following Boolean expression on K-map Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B 30 Continue First, convert to SOP expression Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B = C ( AB + A B) + A B = AB C + A BC + A B (C + C ) = AB C + A BC + A B C + A B C B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 AB 1 1 1 0 BC 0 0 AC ?Y = A B + B C + A C 31Plotting K-map from SOP expression It is old too tedious to convert a Boolean expression to its canonical SOP form Consider the following Boolean expression Y = AB (C + D )(C + D ) + A + B Convert to SOP form Y = ( AB C + AB D )(C + D ) + A B = AB C D + AB CD + A B Convert to canonical form Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B (C + C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + ( A B C + A B C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD 32 Continue Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD Plot the minterm on K-map C D C D CD C D AB ABAB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB B CD BC D Simplified SOP expression Y = B C D + B CD + A B 33 Continue Boolean expression can be plan on to the K-map from its SOP form harvest terms with four variables are the minterms and correspond to a single cell on the K-map Product term with terce variables corresponds to a loop of two adjacent minterms Product term with only two variables is a quad (a loop of four adjacent minterms) Product term with a single variable is an octet (a loop of eighter adjacent minterms) 1 cell 2 cellsY = A + BC + B CD + ABCD 4 cells 8 cells 34 Continue Consider the preceding(prenominal) example Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B minterms 4 cells Both minterms are directly plotted on the K-map The loop which corresponds to A B is drawn on the K-map The cells in side the loops are filled with 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB C D A B CD 35 Continue Consider the following Boolean expression Y = ( A + B )( AC + D ) Convert to SOP form Y = AC + AD + ABC + BD Plot the SOP onto K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB AC BD C D C D CD C D AB AB ill cells in loops with 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 36 ABC AB AB AD Continue Obtain the simplified SOP expression from K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 Simplified SOP expression Y = AC + AD + BD 37 Continue Example Redesign the logic circuit below from its simplified SOP expression A B C D Z Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) 38 Continue Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) = B + D + B + D + BCD + A BD = BD + B D + BCD + A BD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 AB Z = BD + B D + A B 39Simplification of Switching FunctionEEN1036 Digital Logic Design Chapter 4 part I Simplification of Switching Function 1 Objective s s s s Simplifying logic circuit Minimization using Karnaugh map Using Karnaugh map to obtain simplified SOP and POS expression Five-variable Karnaugh map 2 Simplifying Logic Circuits A A Boolean expression for a logic circuit may be reduced to a simpler form The simplified expression can then be used to implement a circuit equivalent to the original circuit Consider the following example B C A B C + A BC Y AB C + AB C Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C 3 Continue Checking for common factor Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) Reduce the complement pairs to 1 Y = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) = A C + AB Draw the circuit based on the simplified expression A B C Y 4 Continue A Consider another logic circuit B C Y Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C Convert to SOP expression Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C = AC + B C + AC Checking for common factor Y = A(C + C ) + B C = A + BC 5 Continue Simplification of logic circuit algebraically is not always an easy task The following two steps might be useful i.The original expression is convert into the SOP form by repeated application of DeMorgans theorems and multiplication of terms ii. The product terms are then checked for common factors, and factoring is performed wherever possible 6 Continue Consider the truth table below A 0 0 0 0 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 C 0 1 0 1 0 Y 0 0 1 0 0 Minterm Boolean expression Simplify to yield Y = A BC + ABC + AB C Y = BC ( A + A) + AB C = BC + AB C 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 If minterms are only differed by one bit, they can be simplified, e. g.A BC & ABC 7 Continue More example A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 C 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Minterm Boolean expression Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + ABC Minterms 1 and 5, 2 and 6 are only differ by one bit Y = B C ( A + A) + BC ( A + A) = BC + B C A B C Y 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 Minterm Boolean expression Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + ABC Checking and factoring minterms differed by only by one bi t Y = A C ( B + B ) + AC ( B + B ) = A C + AC = C ( A + A) =C 8 Continue Though truth table can help us to detect minterms which are only differed by one bit, it is not arranged in a proper way A Karnaugh map (K-map) is a tool, which help us to detect and simplify minterms graphically It is a rearrangement of the truth table where each adjacent cell is only differed by one bit By looping adjacent minterms, it is similar to grouping the minterms with a single bit difference on the truth table 9 Karnaugh Map A K-map is just a rearrangement of truth table, so that minterms with a single-bit difference can be detected easily Figure below shows 4 possible arrangement of 3-variable K-map A BC 0 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 C AB 00 0 01 2 11 6 10 4 0 1 4 5 7 6 0 1 1 3 7 5 AB C 0 0 1 1 BC A 0 0 1 4 00 01 2 3 00 01 1 5 11 6 7 11 3 7 10 4 5 10 2 6 10 Continue Figure below show two possible arrangement of 4variable K-map CD AB 00 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 AB 00 CD 01 4 11 12 10 8 00 01 4 5 7 6 00 0 01 1 5 13 9 11 12 13 15 14 11 3 7 15 11 10 8 9 11 10 10 2 6 14 10 Notice that the K-map is labeled so that horizontally and vertically adjacent cells differ only by one bit. 11 Continue The K-map for both SOP and POS form are shown below C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 3 2C+D C+ D C + D C +D A +B 0 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 A+B A+B A +B 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 12 13 15 14 AB 8 9 11 10 8 9 11 10 SOP form (minterm) POS form (maxterm) The simplified SOP expression can be obtained by properly combining those adjacent cells which contains 1 This process of combining adjacent minterms is known as 12 looping Continue Each loop of minterms will form a group which can be represented by a product term When a variable appears in both complemented and uncomplemented form within a group, that variable is eliminated from the product term C D C D CD C DAB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 group 2 group 1 C D( AB + AB ) = AC D group 2 AB(C D + CD ) = ABD Simplified SOP expression Y = AC D + ABD 13 group 1 Cont inue Consider another K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 group 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 group 1 ( A B + AB )(C D + CD ) = BD Simplified SOP expression Y = BD group 1 C D ( A B + A B + AB + AB ) = C D Simplified SOP expression Y = CD group 1 From truth table to K-map The content of each cell can be directly plot on the Kmap according to the truth table Consider the following example 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B C Y 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 2 0 4 0 5 0 7 1 6 AB BC Simplified SOP expression Y = A B + BC 15 Continue Consider the following 4-variable K-map A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C D Y 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ACD 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 AB 0 8 9 11 0 10 ABD Simplified SOP expression Y = A C D + ABD 16 Continue Some guidelines i. Construct K-map and fill it according to the truth table ii. Only loop cells in the power of 2, i. e. 2 cells, 4 cells, 8 cells and so on iii. Always start by looping the isolated minterms iv. Look for minterms which are adjacent to only one minterm and loop them together v. Proceed on to loop the largest possible groups, from eight minterms (octet), 4 minterms (quad) to 2 minterms (pair) vi.Obtain the product term for each group vii. The sum of these product terms will be the simplified SOP expression 17 Continue Example a. Obtain the simplify SOP expression for the truth table 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB A B CD 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 8 9 1 11 10 BD ACD Simplified SOP expressionY = A B CD + ACD + B D 18 Continue b. Obtain the simplify SOP expression from the K-map ACD C D C D CD C D AB AB ABC 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 ACD 0 1 0 0 A BC AB AB Simplified SOP expression Y = A C D + A BC + ACD + ABC 19 Continue c. Obtain the simplify SOP expression from the K-map alternative solution C D C D CD C D AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB A CD 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 AB D 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 B CD A CD AB AB AB AB Y = A CD + AC D + AB D Y = A CD + AC D + B CD 20 General Terminology for Logic Minimization Here, we define four terms to provide the basis for general function minimization techniques These terms are implicant, prime implicant, essential prime implicant and cover We refer to the K-map below in explaining each term B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 3 2 1 4 1 5 1 7 6 An implicant is a product term that could be used to cover minterms of the function In the K-map above, there are 11 implicants 5 minterms A B C , A BC , AB C , AB C , ABC 5 group of two adjacent m interms AB , AC , A C , B C , BC 1 group of four adjacent mintermsC 21 Continue A prime implicant is an implicant that is not part of any other mplicant In the K-map, there are two prime implicant C and AB An essential prime implicant is a prime implicant that covers at least one minterm that is not covered by any other prime implicants Prime implicant AB is essential as it is the only prime implicant that covers minterm 4 Prime implicant C is also essential as it is the only prime implicant that covers minterm 1, 3 and 7 A cover of a function is a set of prime implicants for which each minterm of the function is contained in (covered by) at least one prime implicant All essential prime implicants must be used in any cover of a function 22 Continue For the K-map above, the set of implicants AB , C represents a cover of the function A minimum cover contains the minimum number of prime implicants which contains all minterm in the function Consider the 4-variable K-map below C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 Prime implicants C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D 1 1 1 1 Minimum cover 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB Essential prime implicants 23 Continue Consider another K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Prime implicants C D C D CD C D AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB 1 ABEssential prime implicants (minimum cover) 24 Dont Care Conditions Some logic circuit will have certain input conditions whereby the output is unspecified This is usually because these input conditions would never occur In other words, we dont care whether the output is HIGH or LOW Consider the following example An air conditioning system has two inputs, C and H C will be 1 if temperature is too cold (below 15C) Otherwise, it will be 0 H will be 1 if temperature is too hot (above 25C) Otherwise, it will be 0 Output Y will be 1 if temperature is too cold or too hot.If the temperature is acceptable, Y will be 0 25 Continue As there are two input s, there are 4 possible logical conditions C 0 0 1 1 H 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 X meaning just nice too hot too cold ? Input condition C = 1, H = 1 has no real meaning, as it is impossible to be too hot and too cold at the same time We put a X at the output corresponds to this input condition as this input condition cannot occur 26 K-map and Dont Care Term Dont care term, X can be treated as 0 or 1 since they cannot occur In K-map, we can choose the dont care term as 0 or 1 to our advantage A B C D Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 X 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 X 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 X 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 X C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 1 0 1 X 1 0 X X X X 0 0 1 0 AB Simplified Boolean expression Y = AB + BC + A D 27 More examples C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 X 1 0 1 X 1 0 0 X X 0 1 X X 1 0 X 1 0 0 X 0 0 0 X X 1 X X Y = C D + BC + BD + A C D C D CD C D AB AB AB Y = B D + CD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 1 0 1 X 1 1 0 1 X 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 X X 1 0 1 X X 0 0 X X 28 AB AB Y = ABC + C D + BD Y = A C + BD + AD Plotting function in Canonical Form Logic function may be expressed in many forms, ranging from simple SOP/POS expression to more complex expressions However, each of them has a unique canonical SOP/POS form If a Boolean expression is expressed in canonical form, it can be readily plotted on the K-map Consider the following Boolean expression Y = ABC + B CConvert to canonical SOP expression Y = ABC + B C ( A + A) = ABC + A B C + AB C 29 Continue Y = ABC + A B C + AB C Plotting the canonical SOP expression onto K-map B C B C BC B C A A 1 1 0 0 BC 0 0 0 1 AC Simplified SOP expression Y = B C + AC Consider plotting the following Boolean expression on K-map Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B 30 Continue First, convert to SOP expression Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B = C ( AB + A B) + A B = AB C + A BC + A B (C + C ) = AB C + A BC + A B C + A B C B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 AB 1 1 1 0 BC 0 0 AC ?Y = A B + B C + A C 31Plotting K-map from SOP expression It is sometime too tedious to convert a Boolean expression to its canonical SOP form Consider the following Boolean expression Y = AB (C + D )(C + D ) + A + B Convert to SOP form Y = ( AB C + AB D )(C + D ) + A B = AB C D + AB CD + A B Convert to canonical form Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B (C + C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + ( A B C + A B C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD 32 Continue Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD Plot the minterm on K-map C D C D CD C D AB ABAB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB B CD BC D Simplified SOP expression Y = B C D + B CD + A B 33 Continue Boolean expression can be plotted on to the K-map from its SOP form Product terms with four variables are the minterms and correspond to a single cell on the K-map Product term with three variables corresponds to a loop of two adjacent minterms Product term with only two variables is a quad (a loop of four adjacent minterms) Product term with a single variable is an octet (a loop of eight adjacent minterms) 1 cell 2 cellsY = A + BC + B CD + ABCD 4 cells 8 cells 34 Continue Consider the previous example Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B minterms 4 cells Both minterms are directly plotted on the K-map The loop which corresponds to A B is drawn on the K-map The cells inside the loops are filled with 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB C D A B CD 35 Continue Consider the following Boolean expression Y = ( A + B )( AC + D ) Convert to SOP form Y = AC + AD + ABC + BD Plot the SOP onto K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB AC BD C D C D CD C D AB AB ill cells in loops with 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 36 ABC AB AB AD Continue Obtain the simplified SOP expression from K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 Simplified SOP expression Y = AC + AD + BD 37 Continue Example Redesign the logic circuit below from its simplified SOP expression A B C D Z Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) 38 Continue Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) = B + D + B + D + BCD + A BD = BD + B D + BCD + A BD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 AB Z = BD + B D + A B 39

A Summer Tragedy Essay

Arna Bontemps uses the conventional plot social system in A summer Tragedy to present the theme of macrocosm hopelessness and desperation, a genuine love between a suffering couple, loyalty, step downdom, and liberation. The exposition introduces old Jeff Patton is the black share recruiter who lives in the farm with Jennie, his wife, in New Orleans. Jeff and Jennie are two protagonists. Both of them are actually old. He has a stroke and other body problems. They dress up their best attire to go for a journey.He can non tie his yield by himself because of his trembled fingers. So, he calls his wife come to help him. This can be seen that Jennie is also blindness and weak health. Her body is aching. The rising action begins with a conversation that Jennie tells Jeff to bring the car while he is waiting. He doesnt move because the mention of the car comes to his mind with intensity. He thinks almost the spark off that he will take with his wife. It is not a normal trip. He is so scared.His car is the rattling car. When he gets into the car, he was trembling violently. Jennie says she is pee-pee to go. Jeff limps into the house and takes her. Jeff reminds Jennie about the door but Jennie answers that they have no creator to lock up. The rising action hints they will not come sticker here. They decide to flee from hopeless and despair life. During Jeffs driving, he unendingly thinks about his past life. He works hard for forty-five age with Major Stevenson.There is unfair labor, which can be seen by the musical mode old man Stevenson treats his workers and even his farm animals (mules). He also thinks about his five children in a span of two years. In appurtenance to this, they have debts which they cannot finish paying, were living in poverty and they had neighbors who they cannot trust as most of their chickens are stolen or killed from their home. Jeff realizes that he and his wife are befuddled for hope in their life. The falling action describ es their hesitancy. Jennie is crying.She may reconsider that she does not want to leave all the things she used to. Jeff makes her calm down. He conscious that if he is still alive with a stroke, Jennie will have to flavor after him. Jeffs love for Jennie is also seen, as he prefers demise than the thought of burdening her. The resolution shows that they have to get away from all this and felo-de-se was the only thing they could think of. They wanted a life free from oppression and misery. The Pattons are going through many struggles. Death is seen as the only resolve out.

Tata Ace

Marketing StatergyX MBA 18 Vashi nerve center IIHerat Mehta Henry cut through said that clients could get cars of any color as long as it was black, magical spell Tata Motors went to customers before designing Ace and asked them active the price and features that they wanted. Comp be and contrast between these two approaches? 1. Both the cases ar associate to Automobile industries. Mr. Ford is talk about passenger cars & tata is talking about commercial vehicles. Main points tin can be argued as follows. Ford Cars Tata Ace Passenger Vehicles SCVAlready made a huge securities industry & business Trying to make a new segment in the business Going for Mass mathematical production Product aimed at prudence the entire business. Almost monopoly business as 50 % of the requirement was execute by Ford Looking for the new customer or converting customers for their product. assemblage line production planned. Product for the people & by the people concept. work can be faster as black is the fastest drying semblance Not clear about the achievable sales from the target 30,000 units per year. solo colour becomes constraint for the prospective buyer. The entire design concept is nevertheless to be proved. To summarise, both the approaches look fine at their own stages. chance upon two activities done by Tata Motors while applying the market concept for evolution Ace? 2. Implemented cross functional police squads which used 3P concept. (Production, preparation process) elongated market study considering all possible factors like political, growth, development and withal customer need and requirements.Product was designed as the product from the customer, for the customer and designed it as a vehicle to service the last milliliter distribution. What are the different types of benefits or gratifications that consumers can draw from a product or a service? Discuss with respect to the case? 3. The Benefits that the customers can carry away from Ta ta Ace * Better cost per ton for transportation. * Better discharge efficiency. * Safety * Durability * Weather proofing for the driver. * Additional payload. * Higher status in the community. * Personal motivation to start own business. Better manoeuvrability, can spark off on all roads without restrictions, Can travel longer space at a stretch and can reach smallest of the lanes or areas. * self satisfaction of having or driving a small truck. What marketing lessons did you visit from the entire case study related to marketing? 4. Following points are very classic for marketing a product * It is very important to involve marketing concepts while or prior to design of a product. * Development of any product should involve all marketing factors for the victor of the product. It is important to consider economical situations while doing marketing research. * Same marketing concepts may not work every time for different products or for similar products. * It is must to involve ( consider) end users while designing a product. * It is also important to make a proper market partition and define target market for any product. * Emotional consideration while defining marketing strategy is very important. * To reach mass in India, marketing should be done in all languages & also in local media. The product should be supported strongly by local availability and after sales service. * It is important to avoid finance related issues of the prospective customers. marketing initiatives you would like to suggest for the future of Tata Ace? 5. Tata should take following Initiatives * Give more models with different options like, powerful engine, air-conditioning, option of more colours and body size. * Tata should target further into business specific models. * reinforce service centres with educational drive & free services. Should make Ace at different geographical plats so that the supply is faster and cheaper. * Tata should launch a higher capacity version on the same platform once again naming Ace + or equivalent. * To conduct a survey on the parts which are most unreliable & work on them. * To bowdlerize cost of parts & make them easily available so that the duplication market can be avoided. * A new & fresh team to work on future actions required & again go rearward to the customers for further input. (This time should go to existing customer showing the freight from the company)

Different Types of Groups

The concept of the cordial free radical is masses coming unneurotic and having a sense of identity because of a common space, action, or any separate things that can bind together people. There is several identified social groups primary groups, secondary groups, collective groups, in-groups, and out-groups. The primary group is one that shares next and lifelong private relationships, wherein each member shares personal space and lives and has soused relations and interactions.Family and close friends are mannequins of primary groups, as their members are binded by strong personal ties. A sports group or an academic group that is strongly linked emotionally and physically can also be considered as a primary group. The primary groups shapes and influences a persons identity. The secondary group relationship is characterized by being formal and temporary, alternatively of being closely personal and lifelong. Performance of functions is what relate together people in the seco ndary group, and the relationship is more fleeting and less personal.An example would be a temporary co-worker in the office, who one is unendingly in contact with, but has no strong personal ties. A collective group on the other hand is one that is bonded together by a common goal or an interest that links its members. The collective group does similar things and its members have similar interests. For instance, a church service group or an environmental group is an example of a collective group. The in-group is the group where the individual feels that he/she belongs in it is where one has loyalty to or respect to.Members of the in-group shares a similar identity, like families or people of a certain ethnicity or race. Conversely, the out-group is the social group that a person is non inclined to relate, even disdains or is opposed to such group. For instance, a orthodox man despising people from other races the out-group. The different types of groups refer to the personal c ircles that an individual belongs to. These are product of his/her social environment and socialization, which then directs and determines membership to a certain group.

Cmr Enterprises Essay

CMR, originally microphones Cabinets, is an architectural mill do championship that competes in 2 different market segments mercenary and residential. In swan to effectively compete in both markets, the nature of CMRs transmission line varies slightly between them. Commercial channel provides two-thirds of the troupes projects as well as 80% of its sales. Due to the higher volume in demand, the mercenary message sales force is larger than the residential sales team, which relies intemperately on CMRs showroom. The market for commercial line of vocation is larger than residential market with projections of its value at upwards of $5 billion. Commercial contracts argon also harder to secure than their residential counterparts. They must be bid on and won. Due to the heavy competition for these larger commercial contracts, the got rate for them is almost 32%, whereas the residential got rate is around 69%. CMRs residential department has to operate virtuallywhat differently than the commercial facet of the attach to. start-off of all, project management requires a different degree of flexibility in order to meet ever-changing customer requests. Cash flow cycles ar about four to six weeks, which is significantly shorter than the 6 months or to a greater extent(prenominal) it takes for a commercial cycle.With less indirect dig up and lower strong lives, residential attain actually boasts a higher net edge as well. The main difference between CMRs nature of caper between segments is the customer relationship factor. Residential customers require a softer accession with more face-to-face exposure. Commercial customers are primarily concerned with conclusion the lowest bid. However, CMR is building relationships with many affirmers in attempt to make their jobs easier and capablenessly work with them in the future. Although CMR treats e precise customer as equally important, the commercial customers are arguably more valuable. 35 of the to p 50 contractor prospects for 1999 were commercial contractors. Furthermore, commercial business typically achieves higher taxations and is likely the plainly means of meeting CMRs in-your-face growth goals. When surface-to-air missile Marcus and William Walters bought Mikes Cabinets in early 1997 they k young they were going to essential to change some things about the way their business operated. Mikes Cabinets was running very well as a small town cabinet disclose that worked on projects for homeowners as well as large commercial buildings, and had a very good reputation with the people of Lincoln,Nebraska.Although things were running smoothly with the business, Sam and William complimentsed to produce more values, and increase cash flows. Blackstone Homes was a homebuilding company that started only(prenominal) two years before Marcus bought Mikes Cabinets. By the time Marcus was in charge of CMR, Blackstone was one of the largest homebuilders in the area. The president of Blackstone Homes approached Marcus in the fall of 1997, with the idea of starting a partnership. Blackstone was having problems with their current supplier because they couldnt seem to deliver the cabinets when promised. Marcus was initially intrigued by the sheer volume of work they would be doing with Blackstone, but he thought it would be a peachy fit with where he was planning for his company to go, and seemed like a dandy way to make progress towards his profit and cash flow goals. Marcus had to work with his employees and everyplaceall business plan, but decided that the residential side of the business was worth expanding, so he signed a contract with Blackstone Homes. Marcuss decision to sign with Blackstone Homes was a very good idea for CMR Enterprises. Blackstone had great potential to become one of CMRs largest accounts, and promised to have continual yearbook growth. Blackstone agreed to specify only CMRs cabinets in all their homes, and CMR assign a project ma nager to work exclusively with their new partner. both companies could see that they would both be benefiting from this partnership from the very beginning, and they were correct. Throughout the initial year, Blackstone contributed heavily to CMRs success, and eventually grew to be about 25% of the residential side of the business. Marcus saw that the residential side of the business had great potential for future growth, and he knew that this was a great way to get his company involved. The annexitional emphasis on residential work used more of the companys resources, but it proved to be worth it with the increase revenue enhancement and cash flows. CMR Enterprises is confronting an issue with one of its most valuable clients, Blackstone. Blackstone as one of the biggest customers in the area, giving CMR an opportunity for immediate market partake and his volume supported its goals to standardize its processes into flexible cells.They approached CMR looking for a new partner to work on a business that represented 25% of CMRs residential business during the first year of this relationship. Sam Marcus was count on further growth with his customer to pay his debt and fund working out efforts. But relationshipswith Blackstone had become increasingly intense on residential construction. Marcus had aggressive goals of reaching $70 million in sales by 2007 by creating a scalable and replicable business toughie. Moreover, build close relationship with the Blackstone lead gave CMR an opportunity to standardize its business processes to be able to benefit from meliorate operational efficiencies that comes because of scale of operations. However, the relationship between two companies had evolved unpleasantly over time. When Blackstone sells a house, it does come with a pre-finished and installed kitchen, which is included in the price. But if customers want to check CMRs showroom, they would build these woodworks consort to their new specifications. So the ad ded cost will then be charged to the contractor. After an increase in CMR prices, Blackstone transferred this increase to subcontractors, so impacting considerably their margins and making CMR looked as a withal expensive product. This issue to some extent contributed to the clash with Blackstone. Also, internal miscommunication had compete a part in this episode. Marcus had implemented a software establishment for the company, called InfoCentral, and insisted that the residential team use InfoCentral for all internal communications. But it did non work out the way he expected. The system is not oftentimes updated as required by the employees. The business relations between the two companies started well and was fulfilling for both part. Revenues from Blackstone represent a significant part of revenue growth of the year. However, when the business expended, so did the problems. What was more disappointing was that CMR had shown a fainthearted management of its relationship wit h this big client and several operational failures that need to be controlled. Within CMR Enterprises, revenue is generated at different pass judgment in the different segments. Commercial business is responsible for 82% of the revenues generated by the firm, loss just 18% to residential. Not only do they generate revenue at different rates, but profit is generated at different rates as well. gibe to the CMR Enterprises Factsheet, SG&A Costs were $2,900,000. If we distribute these costs according to percent of revenue generated across the CMRs business segments, we see that the commercial segment provided a Net value of $1,124,152 for a Net border of 15.5%, while the residential segment provided a Net bread of $87,632 for a Net Margin of 5.4%. Blackstones Net margin of 5.7% is actually greater than the Net Margin for the residentialsegment without Blackstone. Net Profit from Blackstone for the year was $17,235.In the routine scenario, SG&A costs were assigned in a different w ay. corroboratory labor was assigned to the corresponding segment. SG&A expenses besides indirect labor were then distributed to the segments according to percent of revenue generated. This tells a different story. Whereas in the first scenario the commercial segment was responsible for almost 10% more Net Margin in the second scenario, residential Net Profit was $274,632 for a Net Margin of 17.2%, while commercial Net Profit was $937,152 for a Net Margin of 13.9%. In this scenario Net Margin from Blackstone is only 13.3% of revenue, which is below the fair for residential. The cause of the difference between the scenarios is the high soma of administrative personnel assigned to commercial work. From the CMR Enterprises Factsheet, we see that there are 43 administrative personnel, of which only 4 are dedicated to residential work. This leaves 39 employees working on commercial work at an average of $50,000 per year, a total of $1.9 million dollars. Scenario 2 captures this more f ully, placing a more realistic percentage of SG&A costs onto the commercial segment. Blackstones lucrativeness is slightly less than that of the commercial business, and nearly 4% less than the residential business.Terminating the relationship with Blackstone would be a good choice in the note for CMR Enterprises. It is obvious that Blackstone provides a significant amount of residential business, which means a substantial cash contribution to support CMRs other business like commercial work. Especially in the initial partnership, CMR first grabbed residential market share and earned 25% more of its residential business and Blackstone benefited from CMRs expertise and correction. However, some potential loss shows the general path that CMR benefit less and less in the partnership with Blackstone. First, CMR acquires more profit per shop hour in commercial business than residential work. According to Exhibit 7b, the highest residential revenue per shop hour of $48.13 is less profi table than the lowest commercial revenue per shop hour.Even though we press letting Blackstone go as a client, the residential business on a whole is profitable and should be kept. It isintegral to the companies core values, and provides a valuable link to the community. Moving forward with franchising efforts, however, we would advise sticking to commercial business. If CMR is to attempt to make headway into new markets, it would be advantageous to advance with a strategy that is more singular in focus. CMR has had success implementing their InfoCentral diaphysis in their commercial business, and it seems that they have a good business model going forward. Trying to replicate the success that theyve had with the residential business would add unwanted complexity to their business model. CMRs current residential customer base is there as a result of years of allegiance and good service from Mikes Cabinets. This loyalty would not represent in a new market.

How to Write a Great Statement of Purpose Essay

Statement of PurposeGrowing up in an educated family was a prominent motivation to find my position in life and establish my own dreams. During my high school education, I started inquisitory for undergraduate programs that matched my personality and interests. After a long journey of searching, I decided to study a major that focuses mainly on health science in order to back up peck to stay guard and healthy. When I imaged how a sm solely pill can switch peoples lives from hell to heaven, it motivated me to learn more than about scientific processes to facilitate these transformations. Once I received my Pharm-D degree from Taif University, I rigid to obtain a Masters degree in the U.S in Pharmacoeconomics, Health Care Outcomes and Clinical work.I discovered my specific academician passion when I was a senior chemists student, during my hospital rotations overly my graduation project. I worked with Professor Abubaker, who is an Assistant Professor of Pharmacy utilise di vision at Taif University, on a project titled Self-Medication with Antibiotics A population-based survey in Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This project had a great effect on my desire to continue studying pharmacy in graduate school because it showed me that galore(postnominal) patients have low ken of the effects of using wrong or unspecified dose of medication, especially in antibiotics due to either low awareness or social impacts. This matched my set out in five rotations of hospitals and college training as a senior pharmacy student. One of the important rotations to me was when I worked with physicians in a walk-in ambulant clinic. I interacted face to face with the patients and observed their treatment plans to raise awareness or make changes.In addition to my internship, I participated in many events during my college years. One of the important participation to me was when I participated in DUPHAT Conference 2015 in Dubai as a conference delegate and student poster g iver of a group graduation project. The concepts of hard work and the commitment to what I am doing and aiming for were reinforced in me by these extracurricular activities.I chose to agree to your program because it offers a highly unique Health Outcomes and Pharmacy answer program. This program hits two birds with one stone for me. It focuses academically on providing the friendship and analytical skills, which are necessary to demonstrate the pharmaceutical and health boot products, to help to improve the health system in order to provide more accurate treatments for patients as well as to reduce health care cost and use budgets appropriately. The other interest of this program is providing six bon ton experiences in areas of specialization. My passion for studying this subject has grown due to the scarceness of specialists and experts in my country.I have exploreed the faculty of your program to find matches with my interests. I am interested in on the job(p) with Dr. Lin da L. Norton, or with Dr. Veronica T. Bandy, because of their research interests and both of them have experience in teaching Nonprescription therapy and self-care courses, which is the akin topic of my graduation project. Also, I am interested in working with Dr. Yvonne Mai, because she has a degree in Pharmacoeconomics, Health Care Outcomes and Clinical Services Fellowship, which is the same as my specialized program. I have looked at all the faculty backgrounds and interests, and Dr. Mai is the only one who has this degree. I believe we can gather to take health care and clinical services to a hot level in my country due to our same interest knowledge base and passions.After I obtain a masters degree, I will return home to work in one of Saudi Arabias Health Ministry Hospitals as a part of my full lore agreement. After that, I plan to continue my journey in higher(prenominal) education to transfer my passion to young pharmacy students to improve the health outcomes and pharm acy practice in Saudi Arabia.

Lifestyle Diseases

Since the dawn of civilization, mans physical attri merelyes restrain al expressions been in accordance with the excogitate he was supposed to do. It has been turn out that we were ape like before and had considers of body hair, which was whence to nurse us from cold. Eventually as time passed our physicality changed a lot, and we started to strait erect, just still we were built in such a way that we were fit for hunting and to endure other physical conditions. As centuries began to unfold, we started development at a brisk pace and we consider reached a microscope stage of today, where we can get fodder by paying m one and notwithstanding(a)y for which we have to work, and that too doesnt have to be necessarily a laborious labor job. This change in lifestyle has brought or so a lot of positivism and negativity in our lives.Today we wearyt have to reach out for food nor fight wild animals, but today we have to work long hours, which how practically ever tiring may be atomic number 18nt punishing to what we had to do earlier. This exact change has brought in the lifestyle diseases, which be creditworthy for maximum deaths in countries which ar either developed or argon in the brink of becoming developed. Today we have development in the field of medicine and the diseases of yester years argon either extinct or they dont possess a threat much. Since we dont have much threat from infectious diseases as much as we had before, the life style diseases which mainly comprise of the following, affect us the closelyThese diseases have been associated with the new way of life and come into the generic landmark of lifestyle diseases. Compared to the olden times, today obesity is a major chore which can be assessed by the followingBy 2001, al about 21 percentage of adults were pear-shaped, representing a nearly 75 percent increase. Because these data are based on self-reported height and weight, obesity rates are most likely even amplyer than the se estimates suggest. Results from the 1999 National Health and Nutrition mental test Survey, which collects data through clinical mea currentments, found that approximately 30 percent of U.S. adults are obese and an additional 34 percent are overweight and Even more(prenominal) than alarming is the increase of those who are morbidly obese that is, those who are 100 pounds or more overweight (Eileen Salinsky).Obesity has been the root of some problems. Today children are incessantly eating processed junk food and cola rather than salads and vegetables and milk. The pizzas and burgers how much ever scrumptious it is, cannot be considered as a main food and due to this reason not children but adults too tend to bloat up. An obese someone is always at risk for heart diseases, diabetes and liver diseases. Being obese makes a person more inactive, this leads to other problems of muscles and joints. For obesity it is said that the more you eat the more you are eaten from inside. Tod ay diseases like cancer have been one of the height forces in eliminating mankind. There have been lots of deaths and amputations that have been accounted to cancer.This diseases which was not much active in the olden times, is todays prime diseases. pubic louse has various forms, and if not it could have been prevented from maintaining a good staple diet. iodin thing that can be attributed from a lifestyle point of expectation is that in the west and developed countries, there has been a serious loss of staple food and required vegetables in the diet and there has been a major increase of meat and wine. Because of the use more technology kiosk phones have become a common thing amongst spate, including teenagers, but one thing they do not know is using a kiosk phone over an hour increase the chances of having brain tumor as it emits high amount of radiation. Many people have contracted these tumors, but have failed to realize this that it was due to their lifestyle.Heart Att acks and diabetes which also are lifestyle diseases are the worst in the group as they have killed more people than even one can imagine. The following will cement the point about arteriosclerosis and diabetesThe WHO estimates that atherosclerosis (heart attacks and strokes) and diabetes (90% of the Type 2 variety) kill about 20 million people e rattling year, more than are killed by war, famine, AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined, and more than might conceivably be killed in a single pandemic of bird flu. Bill Gates dampens billions to trying to stave off infectious disease but never mentions the really big killer, cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the form of atherosclerosis and hypertension or high blood pressure (Pandemic Lifestyle diseases 2007).Life style diseases can be hard-boiled too, but it takes it toll on the individual, and for instances of heart and all major by pass operations have to performed, or for cancer chemotherapy or amputation of the digress is requir ed.The go around way is prevention of these diseases by changing our lifestyles. If we endorse authorized(a) amount of exercise and right amount of nutritious food then the chances of contracting these diseases go down by huge percentages. Fore mostly, it is real essential to keep a check on junk food and easy to make fried food. Apart from increasing cholesterol and obesity, these foods dont function much. There has to be a steady inhalation of staple food with maintaining an equal balance of vegetables and meat. One has to make sure to complete a certain amount of exercise, be it a low-spirited run or doing exercises in the gym. This physical exercise will dish out increase the much needed blood circulation and in turn help people to live healthy.The high amount of work loads only worsens the living environment, as tensions give rise to many diseases. Those working always on tight deadlines suffer the most from it. The only way to tax return it is to take time out to rela x and practice mind live over techniques which can be attained via yoga or reiki. The lesser the tension the more an individual can live longer and enjoy life. Alcohol and smoking, which are considered to be very normal in todays times, are one of the worst ways of affecting our body.Smoking contracts blood cells and can give lung cancer, along with dampening ones stamina and appetite. Alcohol on the other hand makes one obese, addicted and also causes serious troubles in the liver and kidney region. If one can refrain from smoking and have very limited quantity of alcohol, then he reduces huge chances of getting diseases. The best part of lifestyle disease is it can be easily prevented with certain precautions. Everybody have to die in this world, but the choice of dying youthful due to lifestyle diseases or dying when you are old is a choice one has to make.Works Cited1) Eileen Salinsky, Principal Research cogitate Wakina Scott, Research Associate Obesity in America A Growing Threat, eleventh July 2003, http//www.nhpf.org/pdfs_bp/BP_Obesity_7-03.pdf2) Pandemic of Lifestyle Diseases, 14th October 2007, http//www.panaceia-or-hygeia.com/3) http//naturalhealthperspective.com/home/civilization.html4) http//www.obesityinamerica.org/geographic.html

Proposal examining accounting fraud

background signal to the Study and Overall Research AimDeceitful invoice instances claim ever been critical and prevalentissues in identifyed Chinese companies. In recent darkened ages, or so Chinese companies have been embroiled in chronicle dirts in Hong Kong stock market. Harmonizing to a Hong Kong Exchange study on 30 November 2013, at that place were 42 companies sh bes that had been suspended for more than three months. 17 out of 42 ar below investigated officially for achievable abnormalities. Listed Chinese companies have the possible to be embroiled with vain story.Fiscal statements reflect a smart sets public presentation and it requires a series of cardinal and discriminate financial analysis. Due to its high importance, the cogency and truth of pecuniary statements moldiness be stressed. Additionally keep company directors have to describe to the proprietors of organisation and former(a) colligate officers such as Bankss and other loaners somewhat the pecuniary facets of their activities. Those trust on external financial studies want to have the development that is certifiable or has been audited in the studies to guarantee dependability.The usage of fiscal statements and its high logical implication thrust forces of creative actions. Nowadays, more and more companies use deceitful account to do companys public presentation more fetching to investors. On the other manus, it provides more troubles for scrutinizing and consequences in impacting audit quality.Companies intentionally use deceitful accounting to misdirect stakeholders and stockholders. It is easy found out that some companies own good economic public presentation on the fiscal places but they go belly-up all of a sudden. If a company goes into bankruptcy, the stock tush drop dramatically and frequently consequences in let out trading on the stock market. By and large, investors have to endure drop loss.Research AimsThe aim of this research is built up to r eexamine the literature of accounting snake oil in the fiscal statements, to analyze methods of accounting fraud. The close of import undertaking for this thesis is to happen out whether any indicatorsor forms of fraudin the fiscal statements of the listing companies. Theories will be compared to the truth in the instance prospect of several companies in order to explicate those theories are good ken to explicate the same groundss in the company.Initial Review of Relevant literary worksThe literature reappraisal focuses on following partsDefinition of accounting fraudCauses of accounting fraudOverview of fraud proficiencysConsequences of accounting fraudDefinition of accounting fraudDeceitful accounting is an knowing darnel, assorted uses of a companys assets or its fiscal statement to profit vested involvement holder. It frequently includes complex techniques for misappropriate of assets, drain to describe liabilities, misapplying financess, exaggerating grosss and understat ing disbursals. In related to deceitful fiscal c overage, which is sometimes called originative accounting, window dressing and income smoothing, etc.However, some corporate deceitful accounting dirts have been argued that it is a series of sensible actions in position of net income incomes direction instead than an knowing darnel, assorted embezzlements and uses. The differentiation in the midst of deceitful accounting and net incomes direction is the managerial purpose.If directors make alterations on fiscal statement to misdirect stockholders or stakeholders that rely on the statement about economic public presentation of the company to act upon outcomes, it can be judged as deceitful accounting.Causes of accounting fraudThe complexness of accounting criterions is whizz of grounds why assorted deceitful dirts happen. Companies seek chances to take vantage of loopholes in bing accounting criterions although it is more elaborate. For illustration, Enron used complex contracts to film over the truth of company minutess for such a long clip. Fraud is committed by misapplying the accounting criterions that are expected to protect public involvements.Furthermore, advantage of senior directors provides a genteelness land to accounting fraud. It is closely related to short-run public presentation of a company such as fillips, stock options and perverse inducements. These wagess create inducements to directors to farther manipulate fiscal statements under the force per unit areas although it is fraud.Overview of fraud techniquesThe fraud techniques are implemented on fiscal statements. Some major applications of fraud techniques are the followerss.Exaggeration of GrossUnderstatement of ExpensesTamper with TaxationConsequences of accounting fraudResearch Methods Justification and DescriptionThis thesis chiefly collects secondary development which will be conducted to roll up and analyze through an exam of a series of books, diaries, articles, one-year studies and professional organic structures. It is easier to obtain.Since on that point are many well-known instances about corporate deceitful accounting dirts, there are tonss of information and treatment available on articles and web sites that can be analysed from different positions. Furthermore, one-year studies of naming companies are easier to be obtained.In add-on to secondary informations, primary informations is harder to be found due to the reputation of fiction truth by utilizing it.Information to be collectedHow information will be collectedThis thesis is traveling to follow assay as research method. Sampling method is the survey of selected samples from a population. The topics are easy controlled and more accurate than analyzing the whole population. Interesting correlativities may be found from few topics.Judgment samplingwhich is a nonprobability method and is frequently denotation of convenience sampling will be adopted in this thesis. With nonprobability act schemes , sample is selected based on judgement. The trying scheme should be chosen to choose research companies which are best able to accurately and meaningfully come forth information to the study instrument. Therefore, the samples have to be chosen carefully and they are genuinely representative of the whole population when utilizing this method.A list of features of the elements in the sample needs to be determined. These trying standards are inborn to organize of the sample in order to look at the two-faced job. These standards includeCompanies are listedCompanies have one-year study which can supply fiscal statements for analysisCompanies have groundss of reported fraud, such as published instances by SFC, HKICPA, HKEx, etc.Analysis Technique ( s ) Correlation refers to the strength of a relationship between two variables. A weak correlativity means that the variables have a weak relationship with each other while a unfluctuating correlativity means that the variables are close ly related. This correlativity analysis technique assumes that the variables are analyzed and measured by correlativity coefficient which is Thursdayvitamin EPearsons R which measures as additive relationship. The correlativity coefficient can be calculated by taking the covariance of the two variables. The scope of Correlation coefficients can be stand for from -1 to +1. For illustration, +1 represents an utmost positive correlativity while -1represents an utmost oppose correlativity. 0 represents that there is no relationship between the variables being tested.